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105. Noam Chomsky and Edward Herman, Manufacturing Consent: The
Political Economy of Mass Media (New York: Pantheon Books, 1988).
106. Eric Herring and Piers Robinson, “Too Polemical or Too Critical?
Chomsky on the Study of the News Media and US Foreign Policy,”
Review of International Studies 29, no. 4 (2003): 555–556.
107. Kurt Lang and Gladys Engel Lang, “Noam Chomsky and the
Manufacture of Consent for American Foreign Policy,” Political
Communication 21, no. 1 (2004): 94.
108. For a critique of Herman and Chomsky, see ibid. and Kurt Lang and
Gladys Engel Lang, “Response to Herman and Chomsky,” Political
Communication 21, no. 1 (2004). Although Herman and Chomsky
have strongly countered these accusations in Noam Chomsky and
Edward S. Herman, “Reply to Kurt and Gladys Engel Lang,”
Political Communication 21, no. 1 (2004), and Noam Chomsky and
Edward S. Herman, “Further Reply to the Langs,” Political
Communication 21, no. 1 (2004); also see Herring and Robinson,
“Too Polemical,” 553, 60–61.
109. Lang and Lang, “Noam Chomsky,” 110.
110. A study of political election coverage by Patterson found a growing
trend of negative coverage of U.S. presidential elections between
1960 and 1992. Cited in Wolfsfeld, Media and Political Conflict, 37.
111. Ibid., 37–38.
112. Ibid., 37. NOTES 197
113. Chomsky and Herman, “Further Reply,” 113.
114. Diana Johnstone, “NATO and the New World Order: Ideals and
Self-Interest,” in Degraded Capability: The Media and the Kosovo
Crisis, ed. Philip Hammond and Edward S. Herman (London: Pluto
Press, 2000), 16–17.
115. Many Americans, particularly from the Republican Party, were
highly suspicious of Clinton’s interventions, seeing them as naive
idealism outside national security interests. See Fearon and Laitin,
“Neotrusteeship and the Problem of Weak States,” 5–6; Michael
Cooper, “The 2000 Campaign: The Republican Running Mate;
Cheney Urges Rethinking Use of U.S. Ground Forces in Bosnia and
Kosovo,” The New York Times, 1 (September 2000): A22.
3 The CNN Effect and War
1. According to this perspective, the trinity is “Clausewitz’s description
of the psychological environment of politics” of which “war is a
continuation.” Edward J. Villacres and Christopher Bassford,
“Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity,” Parameters 25, no. 3 (1995).
2. Harry G. Summers Jr., On Strategy Ii: A Critical Analysis of the Gulf
War (New York: Dell, 1992), 11.
3. Van Creveld, On Future War, 35.