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hi-tech war where such mistakes were not meant to happen. Long
after the war, I learned that policy had indeed been changed by the
shelter carnage and that so-called “military-civilian targets” were
struck off the bombing lists. . .
Peter Arnett, “You Are the Goebbels of Saddam’s Regime,” The
Guardian, February 14, 2003, via http://www.guardian.co.uk/
g2/story/0,3604,894706,00.html.
67. While the agenda setting, accelerant, and potential effects may also be
relevant for this analysis, focus is on the challenging, propaganda, and
impediment effects, which are the most significant in such a scenario.
68. Livingston, “Media Coverage of the War,” 379–381.
4
The Kosovo Crisis
1. See, for example, Nye, Jr., “Redefining NATO’s Mission,” and
Livingston, “Media Coverage of the War,” 379, 81.
2. Noel Malcolm, Kosovo: A Short History (New York: HarperPerennial,
1999), 1.
3. Ibid., 327–328.
4. In the 1981 census conducted by the FRY Institute of Statistics,
Kosovo’s total population was 1,585,000, 77.5 percent were
Albanian, 13.3 percent Serb, and 9.2 percent other minorities. In the
1991 census, in which the Albanians did not participate, it was esti-
mated that Albanians constituted approximately 90 percent of the
population, while the Serbs had fallen to less than 10 percent. Cited in
Louis Sell, Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002), 69, 367. According to
the Serbian government, the 1991 census showed a population of
1,956,196, with 82 percent Albanian and 10 percent Serb. Cited on
Web site: http://www.serbia.sr.gov.yu/cms/.
5. Malcolm, Kosovo, 250–253. It should be noted, however, that Serb-
Albanian relations in Kosovo were not always hostile. There was a
long tradition of cooperation and intermarriage amongst their moun-
tain tribes. Also, in the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, Serbs and Albanians
are believed to have fought together in both directions—some for
Prince Lazar and others for the Ottoman Sultan. When Austrian inva-
sions took place in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Serbs
and Albanians fought together against Ottoman rule. Furthermore,
ethnic divisions between Serbs and Albanians in Kosovo were never
clear-cut and many visitors to the region including Serbs from other
parts of Serbia could hardly distinguish them. Malcolm, Kosovo, xxix.
6. Ibid., 56.
7. Interview with Richard Holbrooke, in Peter Boyer, Michael Kirk, and
Rick Young, War in Europe: Frontline PBS Documentary,
Videocassette (Alexandria, Virginia: PBS, 2000).