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NOTES
4. The exact meaning of the Clausewitzian trinity has been a subject of
much debate over the past two centuries. It is beyond the scope of this
book to indulge in this debate. Therefore, a leading interpretation is
adopted.
5. Although the majority of the public in the United States and Western
Europe did support the NATO-led war against the FRY just before
and during the actual intervention. The Pew Research Center for The
People & The Press, “Collateral Damage Takes its Toll.” Cited in
Livingston “Media Coverage of the War,” 377.
6. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Amongst Nations: The Struggle for Power
and Peace, Sixth Edition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986),
279–281. This argument, of course, was different from arguing that
domestic public opinion is impotent within a democratic state.
7. According to Entman,
Individuals may have real preferences, but obtaining truly compre-
hensive data on the preferences of a majority of individuals toward
any specific government decision at a given moment of time
becomes, in practice, difficult if not impossible, especially for jour-
nalists who lack the scholarly luxuries of space, qualification, and
abstraction necessary to make credible claims about public opin-
ion. Making claims in wider public discussion about the status of
public opinion thus requires selecting some data on some senti-
ments and ignoring the rest—or framing.
See Robert Entman, “Declarations of Independence: The Growth of
Media Power after the Cold War,” in Decisionmaking in a Glass
House: Mass Media, Public Opinion, and American and European
Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, ed. Brigitte Nacos, Robert Shapiro,
and Pierangelo Isernia (Lanhan, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, Inc, 2000), 20.
8. John R. Zaller, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992), 28.
9. Cited in Ole R. Holsti, “Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Analysis:
Where We Were, Are, and Should Strive to Be,” in Millennial
Reflections on International Studies, ed. Michael Brecher and Frank P.
Harvey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002), 515.
10. Entman, “Declarations of Independence,” 19.
11. Entman points to research that showed such a divergence in the late
1970s where media claims of public opinion shifts to the right were
not bore out in actual polling data at the time that showed no such
movement. See ibid., 21.
12. Pew Research Center For The People & The Press, “Public Appetite
for Government Misjudged: Washington Leaders Wary of Public
Opinion” (April 17, 1998), via http://people-press.org/reports/
display.php3? Page ID 581. Cited in Entman, “Declarations of
Independence,” 22–23. Also, most politicians do not have the