Page 227 - The CNN Effect in Action - How the News Media Pushed the West toward War ini Kosovo

1403975191ts11.qxd 19-2-07 05:09 PM Page 192
192
NOTES
24. Gowing, “Real-Time Television Coverage,” 16.
25. Steven Livingston, “Suffering in Silence: Media Coverage of War and
Famine in the Sudan,” in From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public
Policy, and Humanitarian Crisis, ed. Robert Rotberg and Thomas
Weiss (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute, 1996), 68–89.
26. Cited in Shaw, Civil Society and Media in Global Crisis, 81.
27. Ibid.
28. Steven Livingston and Todd Eachus, “Rwanda: U.S. Policy and
Television Coverage,” in The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis
from Uganda to Zaire, ed. Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke
(London: Transaction Publishers, 1999), 210–246.
29. Robinson, The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, 110–116.
30. Cited in ibid., 114.
31. Robinson, “World Politics,” 229.
32. Steven Livingston and Todd Eachus, “Humanitarian Crises and U.S.
Foreign Policy: Somalia and the CNN Effect Reconsidered,” Political
Communication 12, no. 4 (1995).
33. Livingston, “Media Coverage of the War.”
34. Livingston and Eachus, “Humanitarian Crises,” 426.
35. Livingston, “Media Coverage of the War,” 379–381.
36. Livingston, “Clarifying the CNN Effect,” 8.
37. Robinson calls such incidents “one-off shocking” events, and cites
Srebrenica and the U.S. marine dragged in Mogadishu as examples.
Robinson, The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, 38–39.
38. Ibid., 25–45.
39. Ibid., 25–30.
40. Ibid., 26, 133–136.
41. Ibid., 27–29.
42. Ibid., 30. Keywords such as women, children, elderly, people, and
refugee were considered empathic; keywords such as fighter, men and
soldier were associated with distance framing; negative descriptions of
policy such as failing were considered critical; positive descriptions of
policy such as succeeding were considered supportive.
43. Ibid., 30–31.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 35.
46. Ibid., 37.
47. Ibid., 38. Robinson identifies the minimum quantity of coverage
required as at least one front-page newspaper story per day and a
major segment within the first ten minutes of television evening news,
sustained over at least three days. Alternatively, one-off shocking
events such as the fall of the Srebrenica “safe area” in Bosnia or images
of the dead U.S. marine dragged in Mogadishu also belong to the
strong CNN effect.
48. Ibid., 38–39.
49. Ibid., 18.