Page 29 - Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions - M.R. Riazi

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TABLE
1.4—Products and composition of alaska crude oil.
Approximate boiling range a 1. INTRODUCTION 9
Petroleum fraction Approximate hydrocarbon range ◦ C ◦ F vol% wt%
Atmospheric distillation
Light gases C 2 –C 4 −90 to 1 −130–30 1.2 0.7
Light gasoline C 4 –C 7 −1–83 30–180 4.3 3.5
Naphthas C 7 –C 11 83–205 180–400 16.0 14.1
Kerosene C 11 –C 16 205–275 400–525 12.1 11.4
Light gas oil (LGO) C 16 –C 21 275–345 525–650 12.5 12.2
Sum C 2 –C 21 −90–345 −130–650 46.1 41.9
Vacuum distillation (VD)
Heavy gas oil (HGO) C 21 –C 31 345–455 650–850 20.4 21.0
Vacuum gas oil (VGO) C 31 –C 48 455–655 850–1050 15.5 16.8
Residuum >C 48 655+ 1050+ 18.0 20.3
Sum C 21 –C 48+ 345–655+ 650–1050 53.9 58.1
Total Crude C 2 –C 48+ −90–655+ 650 to 1050+ 100.0 100.0
Information given in this table has been extracted from Ref. [19].
a Boiling ranges are interconverted to the nearest 5 C( F).
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whole crude can be obtained. Such distillation data and their will be discussed in Chapter 3. The U.S. gasoline demand
uses will be discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. In a petroleum in 1964 was 4.4 million bbl/d and has increased from 7.2 to
cut, hydrocarbons of various types are lumped together in 8.0 million bbl/d in a period of 7 years from 1991 to 1998
four groups of paraffins (P), olefins (O), naphthenes (N), and [6, 20]. In 1990, gasoline was about a third of refinery prod-
aromatics (A). For olefin-free petroleum cuts the composi- ucts in the United States.
tion is represented by the PNA content. If the composition 3. Kerosene and jet fuel are mainly used for lighting and jet
of a hydrocarbon mixture is known the mixture is called a engines, respectively. The main characteristics are sulfur
defined mixture, while a petroleum fraction that has an un- content, cold resistance (for jet fuel), density, and ignition
known composition is called an undefined fraction. quality.
As mentioned earlier, the petroleum fractions presented 4. Diesel and heating oil are used for motor fuel and domestic
in Table 1.3 are not the final products of a refinery. They purposes. The main characteristics are ignition (for diesel
go through further physicochemical and finishing processes oil), volatility, viscosity, cold resistance, density, sulfur con-
to get the characteristics set by the market and government tent (corrosion effects), and flash point (safety factor).
regulations. After these processes, the petroleum fractions 5. Residual fuel oil is used for industrial fuel, for thermal pro-
presented in Table 1.3 are converted to petroleum products. duction of electricity, and as motor fuel (low speed diesel
The terms petroleum fraction, petroleum cut, and petroleum engines). Its main characteristics are viscosity (good at-
product are usually used incorrectly, while one should re- omization for burners), sulfur content (corrosion), stabil-
alize that petroleum fractions are products of distillation ity (no decantation separation), cold resistance, and flash
columns in a refinery before being converted to final prod- point for safety.
ucts. Petroleum cuts may have very narrow boiling range
which may be produced in a laboratory during distillation The major nonfuel petroleum products are [18] as follows:
of a crude. In general the petroleum products can be divided
into two groups: (1) fuel products and (2) nonfuel products. 1. Solvents are light petroleum cuts in the C 4 –C 14 range and
The major fuel petroleum products are as follows: have numerous applications in industry and agriculture.
As an example of solvents, white spirits which have boiling
1. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) that are mainly used for points between 135 and 205 C are used as paint thinners.
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domestic heating and cooking (50%), industrial fuel (clean The main characteristics of solvents are volatility, purity,
fuel requirement) (15%), steam cracking feed stock (25%), odor, and toxicity. Benzene, toluene, and xylenes are used
and as a motor fuel for spark ignition engines (10%). The as solvents for glues and adhesives and as a chemical for
world production in 1995 was 160 million ton per year petrochemical industries.
(=5 million bbl/d) [20]. LPG is basically a mixture of 2. Naphthas constitute a special category of petroleum sol-
∼
propane and butane. vents whose boiling points correspond to the class of white
2. Gasoline is perhaps one of the most important products of spirits. They can be classified beside solvents since they are
a refinery. It contains hydrocarbons from C 4 to C 11 (molec- mainly used as raw materials for petrochemicals and as
ular weight of about 100–110). It is used as a fuel for cars. the feeds to steam crackers. Naphthas are thus industrial
Its main characteristics are antiknock (octane number), intermediates and not consumer products. Consequently,
volatility (distillation data and vapor pressure), stability, naphthas are not subject to government specifications but
and density. The main evolution in gasoline production has only to commercial specifications.
been the use of unleaded gasoline in the world and the use 3. Lubricants are composed of a main base stock and addi-
of reformulated gasoline (RFG) in the United States. The tives to give proper characteristics. One of the most im- --`,```,`,``````,`,````,```,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
RFG has less butane, less aromatics, and more oxygenates. portant characteristics of lubricants is their viscosity and
The sulfur content of gasoline should not exceed 0.03% by viscosity index (change of viscosity with temperature). Usu-
weight. Further properties and characteristics of gasoline ally aromatics are eliminated from lubricants to improve

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