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8 - PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENT

DOE also plays a role in optimizing products or processes. DOE is used to reduce the sensitivity of product
performance to sources of variations caused by environmental or manufacturing differences. One important aspect
of this technique is that it provides a statistical framework for systematically changing all of the important factors,
rather than changing the factors one at a time. Analysis of the experimental data should provide the optimal
conditions for the product or process, highlight the factors that influence the results, and reveal the presence of
interactions and synergy among the factors. For example, automotive designers use this technique to determine
which combination of suspension and tires will produce the most desirable ride characteristics at a reasonable cost.

8.1.2.6 Statistical Sampling

Statistical sampling involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection (for example, selecting ten
engineering drawings at random from a list of seventy-five). Sample frequency and sizes should be determined during
the Plan Quality Management process so the cost of quality will include the number of tests, expected scrap, etc.

There is a substantial body of knowledge on statistical sampling. In some application areas, it may be necessary
for the project management team to be familiar with a variety of sampling techniques to assure the sample selected
represents the population of interest.

8.1.2.7 Additional Quality Planning tools

Other quality planning tools are used to define the quality requirements and to plan effective quality management
activities. These include, but are not limited to:

• Brainstorming. This technique is used to generate ideas (defined in Section 11.2.2.2).
• Force field analysis. These are diagrams of the forces for and against change.

• nominal group technique. This technique is used to allow ideas to be brainstormed in small groups and
then reviewed by a larger group.
• Quality management and control tools. These tools are used to link and sequence the activities
identified (defined in Section 8.2.2.1).

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