Page 542 - Advanced thermodynamics for engineers
P. 542
536 Index
Bond energies, 235–236 Change of entropy, 16, 21–22, 158, 201. See also Entropy
atomisation energy, 236t, 237 of casting, 77
dissociation energy, 237, 278–281 as envisaged by Clausius, 16
minimum potential energy, 235 evaluation for irreversible process, 16
Bosch Smoke Number, 319 for pure substances, 16
Bottom dead centre (bdc), 47, 346 temperature–entropy diagram, 16
Boulouchos, K., 335 of system, 77
Boundary, system, 441 of universe, 485
Boyle’s law, 163–164 of water, 77
Bradley, 337–338 Change of state, 2, 6, 39–40
Brake Charles’ law, 163–164
mean effective pressure (bmep), 359 Chemical
thermal efficiency, 359, 362–363, 364f bonds, 82, 323
Branching reactions, 327 composition, 258, 262
Brayton cycle. See Jouledcycle equilibrium, 255–258
Brehod, 341 potential, 141, 249–250
Bronchial irritants, 318 standard, 259–260
Browall, 313 reaction, 251, 307
Bunsen burner, 328–329, 329f, 342 Chemical kinetics, 305, 307
Burned zone, 365, 367–368, 373–374 kinetics-controlled pollutants, 317–318
Butane, 211, 238t, 423 NO, 312–317
Bypass ratio, 410, 413–414 initial rate of formation, 315–317
rate equations, 313–314
C effect of pollutants, 318–321
rate constant for reaction, 311–312
Calorific value, 79t, 99–100, 215–216
higher, 219 reaction rates, 308–311
lower, 219 Chemistry of combustion
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), 28–29, 208–209, 239, bond energies, 235–236
426–428 energy of formation, 237–244
Carbon monoxide (CO), 19, 208–209, 213, 317–318, 320, enthalpy of reaction, 245
418–419 heat of formation, 235–236
Carbon particulates, 318, 416t Chen and Flynn equation, 361
Carbon-12, 177–178 Chlorine (Cl 2 ), 508–509
Carbon/hydrogen ratio, 211 Clapeyron equation, 402
Carburettor, 352 Classical thermodynamics, 1, 467
Carnot cycle, 35–39. See also Rankine cycle Clausius equation of state, 161–162, 165
comparison of efficiencies, 40–41 Clausius inequality, 14–15, 62
Carnot efficiency, 39, 386–387 Clausius statement, 14
Cascade, 423–425 Clausius–Clapeyron equation, 156–159
binary cycle, 425 Clean-up methods, 320–321
ternary cycle, 426 Clearance volume, 346
Catalyst Closed
light-off, 372 circuit, 505
loading, 501 cycle gas turbine, 133, 382, 382f, 384
Catalytic converters, 307, 320 system, 2, 11, 75–84, 213
Cetane number (CN), 210, 357 Coal, 207, 211, 318
Chain reaction, 327 Coefficient of expansion, 165, 432
Change in entropy, 20–21, 82, 181, 473 Coefficient of performance, 17, 53–54,
Change of availability, 67, 77 425–426
for closed system, 79 heat pump, 17–18, 56
in reversible piston-cylinder arrangement, 67 refrigerator, 17, 56
of universe, 78 Cold utility, 449, 453–454
