Page 546 - Advanced thermodynamics for engineers

540 Index

Equilibrium, 19–22, 20f, 27–29. See also Second law of efficiency at maximum power, 122–127
thermodynamics efficiency of combined cycle internally reversible heat
chemical, 255–258 engines, 127–132
condition, 25, 255, 512 practical situations, 132–133
constant, 257 First Law of Thermodynamics, 1, 6–7, 13, 504. See also
dynamic, 247 Second Law of Thermodynamics
mechanical, 85–86 absence of kinetic and potential energy effects, 9–10
metastable, 20, 28 closed system, 2
of mixtures, 258 open system, 2, 11–12
neutral, 19 to open systems, 11–12
stable, 19–20, 27–28 First Tds relationship, 149
static, 251–252 First-order reactions, 325, 331
thermal, 85–86 Fischer-Tropsch process, 214
of thermodynamic system, 20–22 Flame speed, 324, 331–333, 340–342, 370–371
unstable, 20 laminar, 329–333, 340
Equivalence ratio, 212, 297, 370t, 419 turbulent, 338–342
Ethane, 211, 218t, 238t, 424t Flame speed factor, 339, 341, 354, 368–369, 373t
Ethanol, 211, 238t, 241, 242f effect on engine combustion, 373–374
Evaporation, 54, 158f, 345 variation of cylinder pressure, 374f
Evaporator, 56, 423–425 Flame(s), 328
Exchange current, 518 diffusion, 342–343
Exergy, 85–91 engine combustion models, 339–342
change, 86–87, 90 extinction, 335–336
to combustion processes, 90 factor, 365
heat transfer, 86–90 growth, 335–338
methane reaction, 91 ignition, 333–334
octane reaction, 91 laminar, 335–336
of water reaction, 90–91 premixed, 328–329
Exhaust gas recirculation (egr), 320, 365, 375f quenching, 213
Exothermic speed factor, 341
combustion, 207–209 stabilization, 419
reaction, 330, 513, 524 stretch, 337
Expansion traverses charge, 323
coefficient, 165, 432 Flammability limit, 328t, 338
isenthalpic, 436–437 Flash tank, 426–428
isentropic, 71 Flow exergy variation for perfect gas, 92–93
non-isentropic, 72 Flue gas desulfurisation, 318–319
ratio (cycle), 48 Fluid mechanics, 307
Explosion limits, 326–328 Fluorine, 325
effect of multiplication factor, 327–328 Flynn, 360–361
Extensive properties, 329 Forces and fluxes, 484–487
External irreversibility, 103 Ford Motor Company, 498
Externally Foulkes, 503
irreversible, 86 Fourier conduction, 473
reversible, 35–36, 54, 119 Fourier’s law of heat conduction, 467, 476
Fraction of reaction, 255, 258–260
F Frank-Kamenetsky model, 330
Faraday constant, 505 Frequency factor. See Pre-exponential factor
Faraday’s law of electrolysis, 505 Friction, 22
Fick’s law, 467, 469–470. See also Ohm’s law losses, 360–361
Finite rate (heat release), 44, 50–51, 295–296, 345 mean effective pressure (fmep), 359
Finite time thermodynamics (FTT), 119–121, 132–137 optimum compression ratio, 361–364