Page 106 - Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry - Jehuda Yinon

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2.3.5.2 Other Hallucinogens
Ibogaine, an indole alkaloid occurring in the rain forest shrub Tabernanthe
iboga, has been used for a long time by Western Africans in low doses to
combat fatigue and hunger, and in higher doses as a hallucinogen in religious
rituals. This drug, as well as its analog 18-methoxycoronaridine, promotes
drug abstinence from addictive substances, and was used in experimental
clinical trials. 115,116 Ibogaine has been determined, together with other drugs
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of abuse, by LC/APCI/MS after solid phase extraction by Bogusz et al. The
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LOD of 0.2 mg/l in plasma was achieved. Zhang et al. determined 18-
methoxycoronaridine and its three metabolites with LC/ESI/MS/MS in human
liver microsomes in a study devoted to the metabolic pathway of this drug.
Naturally occurring and synthetic indoleamines such as N,N-dimethyl-
5-hydroxytryptamine (bufotenine), N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT),
5-methoxy-DMT, N-methyltryptamine (NMT), among others, show hallu-
cinogenic properties and are sometimes abused. These drugs were deter-
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mined in urine samples of psychiatric patients with LC/ESI/MS/MS and
with LC/APCI/MS/MS in rat brain after experimental administration. 119
Mushrooms belonging to the genus Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Conocybe, and
Gymnopilus contain hallucinogenic indole-derivative psilocybine. These
mushrooms were consumed earlier by the Aztecs and are being widely abused
in present times. Bogusz et al. analyzed psilocybine and its dephospho-
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rylated active metabolite psilocine in honey mixed with “magic mushrooms.”
The drug was extracted with methanol and subjected to LC/APCI/MS anal-
ysis in SIM mode. Only psilocine was found in honey preparation.

2.3.6 LC/MS of Multiple Drugs of Abuse
The tendency to use multiple drugs is a common feature of drug addicts all
over the world. This was found, in Canadian and German sources. There-
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fore, the analytical toxicologists face the challenge of determining a wide
range of compounds in a very limited amount of sample. For this reason,
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Bogusz et al. developed a LC/APCI/MS procedure for the determination of
opiates, cocaine and metabolites, LSD, and ibogaine, using a single SPE
isolation procedure and mobile phase consisting of the same components
(acetonitrile and ammonium formate buffer, pH 3.0). This method also was
used later on 14 psychoactive phenethylamines such as amphetamine and
designer amphetamines. For each compound, a protonated molecular ion
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and one to three fragments were monitored. Practical experience from this
procedure was published by Bogusz. 7
Cailleux et al. extracted opiate agonists (morphine, 6-MAM, codeine,
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norcodeine, pholcodine, and codethyline) as well as nalorphine and cocaine
and its metabolites (benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene,
and anhydromethylecgonine) from blood, plasma, or urine with

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