Page 32 - Arrow Pushing in Inorganic Chemistry A Logical Approach to the Chemistry of the Main Group Elements

A COLLECTION OF BASIC CONCEPTS
12
∘ ∘
TABLE 1.5 Standard Reduction Potentials (E ,V)at25 C,
1.0 M, 1 atm.
∘
Half-Reaction E (V)
−
F (g) 2e → 2F (aq) +2.87
−
+
2
+
−
XeF (aq)+ 2H + 2e → Xe(g)+ 2HF(aq) +2.32
2
+
−
O (g)+ 2H (aq)+ 2e → O (g)+ H O(aq) +2.07
3
2
2
−
+
H O (aq)+ 2H (aq)+ 2e → 2H O +1.78
2
2
2
−
+
PbO (s)+ 4H (aq)+ SO 2− (aq)+ 2e → PbSO (s)+ 2H O +1.70
2 4 4 2
+ −
HClO (aq)+ 2H (aq)+ 2e → HOCl(aq)+ H O +1.67
2 2
−
+
2HOCl(aq)+ 2H + 2e → Cl (g)+ 2H O +1.63
2 2
−
−
Cl (g)+ 2e → 2Cl (aq) +1.36
2
+
−
O (g)+ 4H (aq)+ 4e → 2H O +1.23
2
2
+
3+
−
Tl (aq)+ 2e → Tl (aq) +1.23
+
−
ClO (g)+ H (aq)+ e → HClO (aq) +1.19
2 2
−
−
Br (aq)+ 2e → 2Br (aq) +1.09
2
− + −
NO (aq)+ 4H (aq)+ 3e → NO(g)+ 2H O +0.96
3 2
O (g)+ 2H (aq)+ 2e → H O (aq) +0.68
+
−
2 2 2
−
I (s)+ 2e → 2I (aq) +0.54
−
2
−
−
O (g)+ 2H O + 4e → 4OH (aq) +0.40
2
2
−
+
SO (g)+ 4H (aq)+ 4e → S(s)+ 2H O +0.40
2
2
2− + −
SO (aq)+ 4H + 2e → SO (g)+ 2H O +0.20
4 2 2
4+
−
2+
Sn (aq)+ 2e → Sn (aq) +0.13
H (aq)+ e → H (g) 0.00
+
−

2+
−
Sn (aq)+ 2e → Sn(s) −0.14
−
PbSO (s)+ 2e → Pb(s)+ SO 4 2− (aq) −0.31
4
−
−
2H O + 2e → H (g)+ 2OH (aq) −0.83
2
2
3+
−
Al (aq)+ 3e → Al(s) −1.66
−
2+
Be (aq)+ 2e → Be(s) −1.85
−
2+
Mg (aq)+ 2e → Mg(s) −2.37
+
−
Na (aq)+ e → Na(s) −2.71
2+
−
Ca (aq)+ 2e → Ca(s) −2.87
−
+
K (aq)+ e → K(s) −2.93
+
−
Li (aq)+ e → Li(s) −3.05
thermodynamic control often lead to the formation of an overall stronger set of bonds; a
general idea of bond dissociation energies (BDEs) is therefore quite useful. Table 1.6 lists
some typical single BDEs.
A few examples of BDE considerations are as follows:
Bonds between highly electronegative elements are weak and easily broken, for example,
O–O, N–O, X–X, N–X, O–X, and so on, where X is a halogen.