Page 234 - Battery Reference Book

18/18 Lead-acid secondary batteries
The shift away from a lead-calcium alloy battery 18.6 Further reading
to a hybrid construction employing a low-antimony
positive grid and a lead-calcium alloy negative grid Beckmann, H. (1930) The microporous rubber diaphragm in
has reduced the necessity for having a microporous storage batteries. Elekrotechnische Zeitschrift, 51, 1605-1 607
separator in all battery designs. Enveloped polyethy- (in German)
lene microporous separators are still widely used in Booth, F. (1970) Comparative Study on Battery Separators for
Lead-Acid Starter Batteries (printed as manuscript, 12pp.)
batteries of the lead-calcium type and are recom- Dafler, J. R. (1 978) Resin-bonded cellulose separators: an
mended at virtually all plate spaces. However, as overview with prognoses. Journal of the Electrochemical
one moves to the hybrid construction, the necessity Society, 125,833-842
for a microporous separator in all battery designs Dafler, J. F. et a/. (1976) An X-ray diffraction, scanning electron
microscopy study of separator failure. Journal of the flectro-
has been reduced. When plate spacings are less than chemical Society, 123, 780-789
about 1 mm, enveloped microporous separators are still Goldberg, B. S. et a/. (1 983) Accelerated cycle life testing of
recommended. This separator construction precludes lead-acid golf car batteries and the influence of separator
side and bottom shorts due to mossing or dendrite type on battery life, energy consumption and operating cost.
Journal of Power Sources, 10,137-148
growth. At the closer plate spacing, shorting through John, P. J. (1965) Battery separators. Batterien, 19, 827-833
the separator can be a problem and the use of a micro- Karr, C. (1980) The effect of separator upon cranking capacity.
porous polyethylene separator virtually eliminates this IBMA 43rd Convention, Chicago, 1980, 49-53
failure mode. Low electrical resistance leaf-type sep- Landers, J. J. (1970) Requirements and characteristics of sec-
ondary battery separators. In Proceedings of the Meeting of the
arators can be substituted for enveloped microporous Electrochemical Society, February 1970, pp. 4-24
separators when plate spacings are greater than 1 mm, Lundquist, J. T. Jr (1983) Separators for nickel-zinc batteries.
since the propensity for shorting at the greater plate Journal of Membrane Science, 13,337-347
spacing is reduced. The need for a low electrical res- Orsino, J. A. et a/. (1 962) Structure and Properties of Storage
Battery Separators. Publication No. 253-62, National Lead Co.,
istance leaf-form separator can currently be satisfied Brooklyn, NY, USA
by what is generically called a glass separator. The Palanichamy, S. et a/. (1968) Importance of physical characteris-
glass separator, because of its low electrical resist- tics of separators on the performance of lead-acid battery. In
ance, allows a significant improvement in the cold Proceedings of the Symposium on Lead-Acid Batteries, Indian
Lead-Acid Information Center, Calcutta, 1968, pp. 36-40
cranking performance of the battery, compared with Robinson, R. G. eta/. (1963) Separators and their effect on
similar constructions using either cellulosic or sintered lead-acid battery performance. Batteries, 1,15-41
PVC separators. Sundberg, E. G. (1970) A new microporous polymeric separator.
The separator needs for cycling batteries are Proceedings of the Meeting of the Electrochemical Society,
February 1970, pp. 32-56
somewhat different from those for automotive Vijayavalli, R. et a/. (1 976) Separators for Lead-Acid Batteries,
batteries. In the case of cycling batteries, low electrical Indian Lead Zinc Information Center, New Delhi, 10 pp.
resistance is not as important a parameter, but good Yamasaki, K. et a/. (1 983) A new separator for industrial lead-acid
batteries. New Materials + New Processes, 2, 11 9-1 23
oxidative stability, low acid displacement, improved Yankow, L. et a/. (1983) Studies of phenolic resin-based micro-
voltage control and increased resistance to shorting porous separator materials. Journal ofApplied Nectrochemistry,
are some important properties. The conventional glass 13,619-622
matted paper separator, the cellulosic separator and the Zehender, E. et a/. (1 964) The influence of separators on antimony
glass matted and a glass matted glass separator are migration in lead-acid batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 9, 55-62
suitable for this application. (German with English summary)