Page 440 - Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future

392 Index

Biofuel production pathways (Continued) chemical processes, 13
stochastic MCDM, 338–339 classification, 1–2
sustainability index definition, 1
aggregated, 378–388 first generation biofuels, 14
composite, 378–379 mechanical processes, 13
Biofuels second generation biofuels
advanced biofuels, 2 production, 14
fourth generation biofuels, 3, 10–13 thermochemical processes, 13
second generation biofuels, 3, 7–8, 9t third and fourth generation biofuels, 14
third generation biofuels, 3, 9–10 Biofuels technology
algae-based biofuels, 22, 24–25 advanced biofuels, 2–3
assessment, 53 algae biofuels (third generation
bio-based economy, 38–42 biofuels), 3, 9–10
conventional (first generation) biofuels, cellulosic ethanol (second generation
2–3, 5–6 biofuels), 3, 7–8, 9t
definition, 1, 22 CO 2 emission reductions, 6–7
economic, social, and environmental fuel-food tradeoff, 6
sustainability future technology (fourth
deforestation, 27 generation biofuels), 3, 10–13
food security, 27–28 conventional biofuels, 2–3, 5–6
nonfood resource biorefineries, 27–28 definition, 1
production costs, 26 with development stages, 2, 2f
rural and local economies, 25–26 Biofuel supply chain (BSC) design, 305–306
rural development, 28–29 biofuel distribution and end use, 279–280,
socioenvironmental 279t
issues, 27 biomass conversion, 276–278, 278f
economy, environment, and society, biomass production, 274–275
advantages in, 317–318 decision levels
first-generation biofuels, 22–24 strategic decisions, 280–281, 282–285t
global trade, 25 tactical and operational decisions,
governance-related challenges, 65 281–286, 282–285t
planetary boundaries, 61 optimization models
regulation and standards economic aspects, 287–294, 288–293t,
Brazil framework, 37–38 296
China framework, 36–37 environmental aspects, 287, 288–293t,
Europe framework, 29–33 294–296
India framework, 37 FMP, 298
US framework, 33–35 GIS, 288–293t, 298–299
second-generation biofuels, 22, 24 LP model, 296–297
and sustainable development goals, MILP, 296–297
54–56, 55f MINLP model, 297
technological aspects, 75–76 NLP, 297
Biofuels feedstocks Quadratic Programming, 297
classification, 1–2 social impacts, 287, 288–293t, 295–296
definition, 1 stochastic programming, 297
global biodiesel production, 3–5, 4f simulation model, 299–301
global ethanol production, 3–5, 4f technical challenges and issues
Biofuels processes components, 301–302
biochemical processes, 14 methodological uncertainty, 303–304