Page 449 - Biomedical Engineering and Design Handbook Volume 2, Applications

COMPUTER-INTEGRATED SURGERY AND MEDICAL ROBOTICS 427

Within the area of telesurgery, the commercially deployed Da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive
Surgical, Mountain View, California) has won widespread acceptance, with over 400 systems
deployed for a variety of laparoscopic procedures, including heat surgery and prostatectomies. 219–221
Another recently deployed commercial telesurgical system (Artisen System, Hansen Medical, Palo
Alto, California) is used for manipulating ablation catheters inside the heart. 222
Finally, there are several ongoing efforts within the medical robotics and computer-assisted surgery
community to develop common open-source software environments to facilitate research. 223–225

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Any survey or critical summary must necessarily draw upon the work of many people. We would
like especially to acknowledge the contributions of many colleagues over the past decade who have
helped develop an evolving shared understanding of medical robotics and computer-integrated
surgery. We are especially grateful to those individuals who generously provided photographs and
other information about the specific systems that we have used as examples. In some cases, these
colleagues have also worked with us in developing some of these systems.
We also gratefully acknowledge the many agencies and organizations that have contributed finan-
cial and other support to the development of much of the work that we have reported. The National
Science Foundation supports the Engineering Research Center for Computer-Integrated Surgical
Systems and Technology under cooperative agreement number EEC9731478. Further support has
been provided by other NSF grants, the National Institutes of Health, the Whitaker Foundation, IBM
Corporation, Integrated Surgical Systems, the Johns Hopkins University, and numerous other gov-
ernment, industry, and academic sources. We also acknowledge the partial support of the Israeli
Ministry of Trade and Industry, through the IZMEL Consortium for Image-Guided Therapy.

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