Page 293 - Biosystems Engineering

270 Cha pte r Ei g h t

3. Diesel fuel substitution up to 50 percent by the mass of etha-
nol is possible.
4. Ethanol fumigation system is separate from the diesel fuel
injection system, and the engine can be quickly converted
back to diesel operation.
Chaplin and Janius studied the effect on engine performance by
30
ethanol fumigation. A Ford 801, four-cylinder direct-injection diesel
tractor engine was used for the study. Fumigation of ethanol was accom-
plished by using a cone jet nozzle mounted in an inlet manifold
extension pipe. Tests were conducted at 18, 23, and 30° angle bTDC.
Ethanol mass flow rates were set at 0, 25, 32, and 45 g/min, respectively.
The mass flow rate of ethanol was not modulated with the engine speed.
31
Cruz et al. tested a turbocharged 650-kW diesel tractor engine with
the spray addition method. For this approach, a mixture of water and
ethanol was sprayed into the airstream by means of pressure from the
turbocharged. Goering et al. installed a multipoint fumigation sys-
32
tem on a Case IH 52882 six-cylinder turbocharged 128-kW diesel farm
tractor engine. Holes were drilled in the cylinder head to permit the
installation of six Bosch model electronic fuel injection nozzles to
spray fumigated ethanol on the tops of the intake valve. Denatured
anhydrous ethanol was fumigated at a rate of 12 kg/h. Hayes et al. 33
investigated the effect of fumigation of different ethanol proofs on a
turbocharged diesel engine. Ethanol was injected directly into the
intake ports to ensure even distribution among the cylinders. It was
found that the ethanol proof had no apparent effect on the thermal
efficiency at any load.
The experiments have been carried out on the Perkins P4 diesel
engine (Simpson Electric Co., Wisconsin) of four-stroke direct-injection
four-cylinder vertical, in-line 91.4-mm diameter. Bore × 127-mm
stroke, capacity 3500 cc, compression ratio 18.5:1, overhead valves,
29° angle bTDC injection timing. The engine is coupled to a hydraulic
dynamometer for load measurements. The fumigation nozzle was a
Pilot spray gun–type 64M (Mumbai, India) used as a fumigation noz-
zle in the experiment. It was connected to a manometer and a recip-
rocating compressor. The nozzle is used to fumigate the ethanol into
the intake manifold of the engine. A wide, vertical or horizontal, fan
spray or a round concentrated spray is produced by turning the air
cap. The air cap-locking nut must be screwed up to grip the air cap
firmly and yet allow the operator to turn the air cap by hand. The
fumigation rate is controlled by the regulator on the air transformer.
The smoke meter of model ED 1949, type ST-00N (Nissan Motor Sales
Co. Ltd., Nissalco, Japan) is used to measure the smoke density. The
exhaust gases such as CO, NO , and gas temperature were analyzed
x
with a gas-analyzing instrument TMT-16-S (Technovation Analytical
Instruments Pvt. Ltd., Veravan Beveren, Germany). The engine speed