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231                        Notes

         ports  this  meaning  into  civil  law.  Legitimation  in  the  sense  of  private  en-
         titlement  presupposes,  however,  a  legitimate  order.
           2.  K.  Eder,  Die  Entstehung  staatlich  organisierter  Klassengesellschaften
         (Frankfurt,  1976).
           3.  S.  Rokkan,  “Die  vergleichende  Analyse  der  Staaten-  und  Nationen-
         bildung,”  in  W.  Zapf,  ed.,  Theorien  des  sozialen  Wandels  (Kéln,  1969),
         pp.  228-252.
           4.  For  this  reason,  the  Aristotelian  concept  of  the  polis  is  less  a  consti-
         tutional  concept  than  a  concept  of  identity.  Cf.  J.  Ritter,  “Politik  und
         Ethik  in  der  praktischen  Philosophie  des  Aristoteles,”  in  Ritter,  Meta-
         physik  und  Politik  (Frankfurt,  1969),  pp.  106-132.
           5.  N.  Luhmann,  “Die  Weltgesellschaft,”  Archiv  fir  Rechts-  und  Sozial-
         philosophie  (1971)  :1-33;  see  also  my  critical  remarks  in  “Konnen  kom-
         plexe  Gesellschaften  eine  verniinftige  Identitét  ausbilden?,”  in  Habermas,
         Zur  Rekonstruktion  des  Histovischen  Matevialismus  (Frankfurt,  1976),
         Pp.  92-126;  some  of  these  remarks  are  translated  in  “On  Social  Identity,”
         Telos  19(1974)  :91-103.
           6.  Cf,  the  argument  of  P.  Kielmannsegg,  “Legitimitat  als  analytische
         Kategorie,”  Politische  Vierteljahresschvift  12  (1971) :367-401,  esp.  pp.
         391  ff.
           7.  T.  Wiirtenberger,  Die  Legitimitdt  staatlicher  Herrschaft  (Berlin,
         1973).
           8.  C.  Meier,  “Die  Entstehung  des  Begriffs  ‘Demokratie,’”’  Politische
         Vierteljahresschrift  10(1969)  :535-575-
           9.  V.  Lanternari,  The  Religions  of  the  Oppressed:  A  Study  of  Modern
         Messianic  Cults  (London,  1963),  p.  316.  “When  the  pressure  of  the  white
         man  makes  itself  felt  from  within  a  society,  the  natives  reach  for  the
         Bible,  which  they  had  refused  to  accept  from  the  missionaries  during  cen-
         turies  of  evangelism.  This  “‘self-Christianization”  of  many  native  groups
         came  about  when  the  whites,  having  forced  their  way  into  the  native  en-
         vironment,  created  conditions  similar  to  those  which  fostered  the  early
         growth  of  Christianity.  As  it  was  for  the  first  Christians  of  the  Middle
         East  and  of  ancient  Rome,  so  it  was  for  the  native  peoples  of  Africa,  Asia,
         Oceania,  and  the  Americas:  pressure  and  opposition  came  upon  them
         simultaneously  from  two  sides,  the  militant  hierarchy  of  the  church  and
         the  authoritarian  power  of  the  state.”
           10.  The  proposed  laws—land  reform,  shortening  of  military  service,
         civil  rights  for  allies—throw  light  on  the  background  of  class  confronta-
         tions  between  aristocratic  owners  of  large  landed  estates  and  peasants.
         The  attempt  to  set  up  a  democracy  on  the  Greek  model,  to  withdraw  as
         many  matters  as  possible  from  the  responsibility  of  the  Senate  and  trans-
         fer  them  to  the  popular  assembly,  to  alter  the  composition  of  the  courts
         made  up  of  senators,  shows  that  we  have  to  do  with  a  legitimacy  con-
         flict.  That  Octavius  was  unconstitutionally  removed  from  his  office  of
         tribune,  that  Tiberius  allowed  himself  to  be  illegally  put  up  as  a  candi-
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