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3.2 Linear filtering 99

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

(g) (h)

Figure 3.11 Some neighborhood operations: (a) original image; (b) blurred; (c) sharpened; (d) smoothed with
edge-preserving filter; (e) binary image; (f) dilated; (g) distance transform; (h) connected components. For the
dilation and connected components, black (ink) pixels are assumed to be active, i.e., to have a value of 1 in
Equations (3.41–3.45).