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repetitive manufacturing A manufacturing  standard costs The expected cost of  Glossary  247
                   environment in which production lines are  manufacturing a product during a particular period.
                   switched from one product to another similar  Standard costs for a product are established by
                   product.                                 (1) studying the historical cost patterns (direct and
                                                            indirect) in a company and (2) taking into account
                   requirement A skill or ability associated with a
                                                            the effects of current manufacturing changes.
                   position.
                   return on investment (ROI) An assessment of a  statutory and voluntary deduction A paycheck
                   project’s value calculated by dividing the value of  withholding, such as taxes (federal, state, local,
                   the project’s benefits by the project’s cost.  Social Security, and Medicare), company loans, and
                                                            benefit contributions.
                   RFID See radio frequency identification.
                                                            stockout A manufacturing shortfall that occurs
                   rough-cut planning A common term in
                                                            when raw materials or packaging run out.
                   manufacturing for aggregate planning.
                                                            succession planning Outlining the strategy for
                   sales forecast An estimate of future product
                                                            replacing key employees when they leave the
                   demand, which is the amount of a product
                                                            company.
                   customers will want to buy.
                                                            supply chain All of the activities that occur
                   Sales and Distribution (SD) module A module
                                                            between the growing or mining of raw materials and
                   in SAP ERP that records sales orders and scheduled
                                                            the appearance of finished products on the store shelf.
                   deliveries.
                                                            Supply Chain Management (SCM) A
                   safety stock Extra raw material and packaging
                                                            functional area that includes developing production
                   kept available to help avoid stockouts.
                                                            plans, ordering and receiving raw materials,
                   SAP ERP ERP software produced by SAP; previous  manufacturing products, maintaining facilities, and
                   versions were known as R/3 and mySAP ERP.  shipping products.
                   scalability A characteristic of an information  swimlane flowcharting See deployment
                   system that indicates the system’s capacity can be  flowcharting.
                   extended by adding servers to the network, rather
                                                            task In SAP, an assigned responsibility related to a
                   than replacing the entire system. Scalability is a
                                                            specific job.
                   characteristic of client-server networks, but usually
                   not of mainframe-based systems.          tolerance group A range that defines limits on
                                                            the transactions that an employee can process.
                   scope creep The unplanned expansion of a
                   project’s goals and objectives, causing the project to  transport directory In an SAP system landscape,
                   go over time and over budget, as well as increasing  a special data file location on the DEV server that
                   the risk of an unsuccessful implementation.  stores changes to the system landscape.
                   service-oriented architecture (SOA) Software  U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting
                   that enables systems to exchange data without  Principles) The current standard for reporting
                   complicated software links, also called Web  financial statements in the United States.
                   services.                                value added An increase in a product’sor
                   short list The top candidates for a position, each  service’s value, from a customer’s perspective.
                   of whom will be interviewed.             value analysis An analysis of each activity in a
                   silo An unintegrated information system  process to determine the value the activity adds to
                   configuration in which individual business functional  the product or service.
                   areas each have their own hardware, software, and  vertical integration The extent to which a
                   methods of processing data and information.  company produces the components and assemblies
                   software as a service (SaaS) A software delivery  used in the products it manufactures.
                   model in which a software product is hosted by a  Web services A combination of software tools
                   company on its servers and is accessed by  that enables various programs within an
                   customers via a Web browser.             organization to communicate with other
                   software modules See modules.            applications.



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