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repetitive manufacturing A manufacturing standard costs The expected cost of Glossary 247
environment in which production lines are manufacturing a product during a particular period.
switched from one product to another similar Standard costs for a product are established by
product. (1) studying the historical cost patterns (direct and
indirect) in a company and (2) taking into account
requirement A skill or ability associated with a
the effects of current manufacturing changes.
position.
return on investment (ROI) An assessment of a statutory and voluntary deduction A paycheck
project’s value calculated by dividing the value of withholding, such as taxes (federal, state, local,
the project’s benefits by the project’s cost. Social Security, and Medicare), company loans, and
benefit contributions.
RFID See radio frequency identification.
stockout A manufacturing shortfall that occurs
rough-cut planning A common term in
when raw materials or packaging run out.
manufacturing for aggregate planning.
succession planning Outlining the strategy for
sales forecast An estimate of future product
replacing key employees when they leave the
demand, which is the amount of a product
company.
customers will want to buy.
supply chain All of the activities that occur
Sales and Distribution (SD) module A module
between the growing or mining of raw materials and
in SAP ERP that records sales orders and scheduled
the appearance of finished products on the store shelf.
deliveries.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) A
safety stock Extra raw material and packaging
functional area that includes developing production
kept available to help avoid stockouts.
plans, ordering and receiving raw materials,
SAP ERP ERP software produced by SAP; previous manufacturing products, maintaining facilities, and
versions were known as R/3 and mySAP ERP. shipping products.
scalability A characteristic of an information swimlane flowcharting See deployment
system that indicates the system’s capacity can be flowcharting.
extended by adding servers to the network, rather
task In SAP, an assigned responsibility related to a
than replacing the entire system. Scalability is a
specific job.
characteristic of client-server networks, but usually
not of mainframe-based systems. tolerance group A range that defines limits on
the transactions that an employee can process.
scope creep The unplanned expansion of a
project’s goals and objectives, causing the project to transport directory In an SAP system landscape,
go over time and over budget, as well as increasing a special data file location on the DEV server that
the risk of an unsuccessful implementation. stores changes to the system landscape.
service-oriented architecture (SOA) Software U.S. GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting
that enables systems to exchange data without Principles) The current standard for reporting
complicated software links, also called Web financial statements in the United States.
services. value added An increase in a product’sor
short list The top candidates for a position, each service’s value, from a customer’s perspective.
of whom will be interviewed. value analysis An analysis of each activity in a
silo An unintegrated information system process to determine the value the activity adds to
configuration in which individual business functional the product or service.
areas each have their own hardware, software, and vertical integration The extent to which a
methods of processing data and information. company produces the components and assemblies
software as a service (SaaS) A software delivery used in the products it manufactures.
model in which a software product is hosted by a Web services A combination of software tools
company on its servers and is accessed by that enables various programs within an
customers via a Web browser. organization to communicate with other
software modules See modules. applications.
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