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174 PART III • Orbital-Scale Climate Change

6. How do corals provide an indication of the volume Ruddiman, W. F. 2005. Plows, Plagues and Petroleum,
of water tied up in ice on land? Chapter 4. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

7. What has been the average rate of uplift of a coral Advanced Reading
reef formed during the last interglaciation 125,000 Hays, J. D., J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton. 1976.
years ago and now lying 131 m above sea level?
“Variations in the Earth’s Orbit: Pacemaker of the
8. Which part of the Milankovitch theory has proven Ice Ages.” Science 194: 1121–32.
accurate? Which parts are insufficient? Imbrie, J. 1982. “Astronomical Theory of the Ice Ages:
A Brief Historical Review.” Icarus 50: 408–22.
9. If a reef on New Guinea that has been dated to Imbrie, J. 1985. “A Theoretical Framework for the Ice
104,000 years formed at 17 m below modern sea Ages.” Journal of the Geological Society (London) 142:
level, and if the average uplift rate on that island 417–32.
has been 2 m per thousand years, what is the Mesolella, K. J., R. K. Matthews, W. S. Broecker, and
present elevation of that reef?
D. L. Thurber. 1969. “The Astronomical Theory of
Climate Change: Barbados Data.” Journal of Geology
Additional Resources 77: 250–74.
Oerlemans, J. 1991. “The Role of Ice Sheets in the
Basic Reading Pleistocene Climate.” Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 71:
Companion Web site at www.whfreeman.com 155–61.
/ruddiman2e, pp. 15, 27–30. Weertman, J. (1964). “Rate of Growth or Shrinkage of
Imbrie, J., and K. P. Imbrie. 1979. Ice Ages: Solving the Non-equilibrium Ice Sheets.” Journal of Glaciology 5:
Mystery. Short Hills, NJ: Enslow. 145–58.