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166 Chapter 6

Confrontation? The Role of Perceived Pervasiveness 38. Carolyn Anderson, Bruce Riddle, and Matthew
of Prejudice,” British Journal of Social Psychology, Martin, “Socialization Processes in Groups,” in
55 (2016): 27–43. Handbook of Group Communication Theory and
26. Ernest G. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence Theory Research, ed. Lawrence Frey (Thousand Oaks, CA:
and Communication in Group Decision Making,” in Sage, 1999): 139–63.
Communication and Group Decision Making, eds. 39. Ibid.
Randy Y. Hirokawa and Marshall S. Poole (Newbury 40. Riddle, Anderson, and Martin, “Small Group
Park, CA: Sage, 1986): 221. For a thorough review Socialization Scale.”
of the development and use of symbolic convergence 41. Larry A. Erbert, Gerri M. Mearns, and Samantha
theory, see Ernest G. Bormann, John F. Cragan, and Dena, “Perceptions of Turning Points and
Donald C. Shields, “Three Decades of Developing, Dialectical Interpretations in Organizational Team
Grounding, and Using Symbolic Convergence Development,” Small Group Research, 36 (February
Theory,” in Communication Yearbook 25, ed. Willam 2005): 21–58.
B. Gudykunst (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2001): 42. Riddle, Anderson, and Martin, “Small Group
271–313. Socialization Scale.”
27. Robert F. Bales, Personality and Interpersonal 43. Moira Burke, Robert Kraut, and Elisabeth Joyce,
Behavior (New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, “Membership Claims and Requests: Conversational-
1970): 105–8, 136–55. Level Newcomer Strategies in Online Groups,”
28. Eric E. Peterson, “The Stories of Pregnancy: On Small Group Research, 41 (February 2010): 4–40.
Interpretation of Small-Group Cultures,” 44. Charles E. Galyon, Eleanore C. T. Heaton, Tiffany
Communication Quarterly, 35 (1987): 39–47. L. Best, and Robert L. Williams, “Comparison of
29. Catherine C. Morocco, “Development and Group Cohesion, Class Participation, and Exam
Function of Group Metaphor,” Journal for the Performance in Live and Online Classes,” Social
Theory of Social Behavior, 9 (1979): 15–27. Psychology of Education, 19 (2016): 61–76.
30. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence Theory.” 45. Anderson, Riddle, and Martin, “Socialization
31. Linda L. Putnam, Shirley A. Van Hoeven, and Processes in Groups.”
Connie A. Bullis, “The Role of Rituals and Fantasy 46. Ibid., 149.
Themes in Teachers’ Bargaining,” Western Journal of 47. Stewart Sigman, “The Applicability of the Concept
Speech Communication (Winter 1991): 87. of Recruitment to the Communication Study of a
32. This fantasy chain is a slightly expanded version of Nursing Home: An Ethnographic Case Study,”
the one that occurs near the beginning of the leader- International Journal of Aging and Human
ship segment, part 1, of the videotape ancillary to Development, 22 (1985–86): 215–33. See also
this text, Communicating Effectively in Small Groups. Melanie Booth-Butterfield, Stephen Booth-
33. Morocco, “Development and Function of Group Butterfield, and Jolene Koester, “The Function of
Metaphor,” 15–27. Uncertainty Reduction in Alleviating Primary
34. Ibid. Tension in Small Groups,” Communication Research
35. Putnam, Van Hoeven, and Bullis, “The Role of Reports, 5 (1988): 146–53.
Rituals and Fantasy Themes in Teachers’ 48. Anderson et al., “Socialization Processes in
Bargaining.” Groups,” 151.
36. Alaina C. Zanin, Carissa S. Hoelscher, and Michael 49. K. E. W. Morrison, “Information Usefulness and
W. Kramer, “Extending Symbolic Convergence Acquisition During Organizational Encounter,”
Theory: A Shared Identity Perspective of a Team’s Management Communication Quarterly, 9 (1995):
Culture,” Small Group Research, 47 (August, 2016): 131–55.
438–72. 50. Anderson, Riddle, and Martin, “Socialization
37. Bruce Riddle, Carolyn Anderson, and Matthew Processes in Groups,” 152.
Martin, “Small Group Socialization Scale: 51. Ibid., 164.
Development and Validity,” Small Group Research, 52. Joann Keyton, “Group Termination: Completing
31 (October 2000): 554–72. the Study of Group Development,” Small Group
Research, 24 (1993): 84–100.

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