Page 256 - Academic Press Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology 3rd Analytical Chemistry
P. 256
P1: GRB/GWT P2: GPJ/GAX QC: GAE/FYD Final Pages
Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology EN008M-395 June 29, 2001 15:52
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 981
at these field strengths scanners operating at 3–4T now Chen, C.-N., and Hoult, D. I. (1989). “Biomedical Magnetic Resonance
have the potential of serving as high performance general- Technology,” Adam Hilger, Bristol and New York.
purpose clinical scanners. Edelstein, W. A., Hutchinson, J. M. S., Johnson, G., and Redpath, T.
(1980). Spin-warp imaging and applications to human whole-body
In addition at a few sites have begun studies using
imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. 25, 751–756.
whole-body research scanners operating at fields well Fukushima, E., ed. (1989). “NMR in Biomedicine: The Physical Basis,”
above 4 T. For example, in December 1997 an 8 T whole- American Institute of Physics, New York.
body scanner was installed at Ohio State University in Hayes, C. E., Edelstein, W. A., Schenck, J. F., Mueller, O. M., and Eash,
Columbus, Ohio (Fig. 20). Since that time several 7 T M. (1985). An efficient highly homogeneous radiofrequency coil for
whole-body NMR imaging at 1.5 T. J. Magn. Reson. 63, 622–628.
whole-body scanners have been installed and whole body
Hinshaw, W. S., Bottomley, P. A., and Holland, G. N. (1977). Radio-
scanners planned to operate in the range of 9–10 T are graphic thin-section image of the human wrist by nuclear magnetic
currently under discussion. Although these magnets have resonance. Nature (London) 270, 722–723.
patient bores large enough to admit the entire body, most Hollis, D. P. (1987). “Abusing Cancer Science,” Strawberry Fields,
of the early research applications have been concerned Chehalis, OR.
Hoult, D. I., and Lauterbur, P. C. (1979). The sensitivity of the zeug-
with brain imaging using head coils. Whole-body scan-
matographic experiment involving human samples. J. Magn. Reson.
ners operating at 7 T and above will probably be used 34, 425–433.
predominately for research, rather than for clinical diag- Jin, J.-M. (1998). “Electromagnetic Analysis and Design in Magnetic
nostic purposes, for several years to come. Resonance Imaging,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Kleinfeld, S. (1985). “A Machine Called Indomitable,” Times Books,
New York.
Lauterbur, P. C. (1973). Image formation by induced local interactions:
SEE ALSO THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature (London)
242, 190–191.
Ogawa, S., Tank, D. W., Menon, R., et al. (1992). Intrinsic signal changes
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE • FERROMAGNETISM •
accompanying sensory stimulation: functional brain mapping with
FOURIER SERIES • MAGNETIC MATERIALS • MICROWAVE
magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5951–
MOLECULARSPECTROSCOPY•NUCLEARMAGNETICRES- 5952.
ONANCE • QUANTUM MECHANICS Robitaille, P.-M. L., Warner, R., Jagadeesh, J., et al. (1999). Design and
assembly of an 8 tesla whole-body MR scanner. J. Comput. Assist.
Tomogr. 23, 808–820.
Schenck, J. F. (1996). The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic
BIBLIOGRAPHY
resonanceimaging:magneticfieldcompatibilityofthefirstandsecond
kinds. Med. Phys. 23, 815–850.
Abragam, A. (1961). “Principles of Nuclear Magnetism,” Oxford Uni- Schenck, J. F. (2000). Safety of strong, static magnetic fields. J. Magn.
versity Press (Clarendon), London and New York. Reson. Imaging 12, 2–19.
Atlas, S. W., ed. (2001). “Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Schenck, J. F., Dumoulin, C. L., Redington, R. W., Kressel, H. Y., Elliott,
Spine, 3rd ed.,” Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. R. T., McDougall, I. L. (1992). Human exposure to 4.0-tesla magnetic
Black, P.-McL., Moriarty, T., Alexander, E., et al. (1997). Development fields in a whole-body scanner. Med. Phys. 19, 1089–1098.
andimplementationofintraoperativemagneticresonanceimagingand Shellock, F. G., ed. (2001). “Magnetic Resonance Procedures; Health
its neurosurgical applications. Neurosurgery 42, 831–845. Effects and Safety,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Bronskill, M. J., and Sprawls, P., eds. (1993). “The Physics of MRI,” Stark, D. D., and Bradley, W. G., Jr. (1999). “Magnetic Resonance Imag-
American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY. ing,” 3rd ed., Mosby, St. Louis, MO.