Page 140 - Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

122 Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

There are a total of 13,011 industrial units located in nearly 340 districts.
From that, 11,038 units have been granted sanction for multiple disposal
practices including burning, storage land disposal, and other disposal choices.
Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the major sources of haz-
ardous wastes. And, the States of Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam,
Gujarat, Rajasthan, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu
generate the majority of all hazardous wastes. The total estimate of hazard-
ous waste generated in India is around 4,434,257 tons per annum.
India is one of the countries that have made provisions for the security
and improvement of environment in their Constitutions [5]. The Directive
Principles of State Policy of the Constitution, Article 48-A of Chapter IV,
enjoins the State to make an attempt for fortification and development of
the environment and for safely protect the forest and wild life of the coun-
try. In Article 51 A (g) of the Constitution, one of the Fundamental Duties
of every citizen of India is to protect and get better the natural environment
including forests, rivers and wild life lakes and to have concern for living
creature. India has enacted the following laws, rules, and principles of gov-
erning the country’s environmental safety [6]:
(i) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, as
amended in 1988.
(ii) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975.
(iii) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977, as
amended by Amendment Act, 1991.
(iv) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules, 1978.
(v) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1984, as
amended by Amendment Act, 1987.
(vi) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules 1982 and
1983.
(vii) The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
(viii) Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, as
amended in 2000.
(ix) Management, Storage, and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules,
1989.
(x) Manufacture, Use, Import, Export, and Storage of Hazardous
Microorganisms, Genetically Engineered Microorganisms, or Cells
Rules, 1989.
(xi) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.
(xii) The Public Liability Insurance Rules, 1991.
(xiii) The Biomedical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1995.