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Hazardous Waste and Its Treatment Process   125


              generic industrial processes, specific industrial sectors, unused pure chemi-
              cal products, and formulations that are either acutely toxic or toxic, and all
              hazardous waste regulations apply to these lists of wastes.
                 We can classify these wastes in the F, K, P, and U industrial waste codes,
              respectively.
                 F-list: The F-list consists of hazardous wastes from nonspecific causes,
              i.e., various industrial processes that may have generated the waste. The list
              consists of solvents which are commonly used in metal treatment baths,
              degreasing, sludge and wastewaters from metal plating operations, and
              dioxin containing chemicals. The solvents that are F-listed are hazardous
              wastes, along with their code numbers; in addition to that (F005) there
              are benzene, carbon tetrachloride (F001), cresylic acid (F004), methyl ethyl
              ketone (F005), methylene chloride (F001), trichloroethane (F001), toluene
              (F005), and trichloroethylene (F001). Solvent mixtures or blends, which
              have larger than 10% of one or more of the solvents scheduled in F001,
              F002, F003, F004, and F005, are also measured F-listed wastes.
                 K-list: The K-list consists of hazardous wastes that are generated by
              a particular industrial process. Examples of industries which generate
              K-listed waste include pigment production, chemical production, petro-
              leum refining, wood preservation, iron and steel production, explosive
              manufacturing, etc. [8].
                 P and U lists: In the last 10 years, leading chemical industries have
              derived some noteworthy economic aids from astonishing initiatives iso-
              lated into individual commercial functions. However, these initiatives have
              generally attained the point of falling returns and have even become coun-
              terproductive measure as industries hunt for growth in a low-growth en-
              vironment. The reason for this setback is that insulated optimization efforts
              often succeed at the individual functional level, but involuntarily hamper
              cross-functional corporate performance. As a result, the companies’ ability
              to tap into and make the most of growth opportunities is reduced, as is their
              ability to allot capital efficiently [9].
                 Wastes coming under P and U lists include chemicals in its purest form,
              either as commercial grade form or as an energetic ingredient in a chemical
              formulation. Manufacturing of chemical intermediates carries the generic
              name of the chemical, which are also considered to be commercially chem-
              ical products. A common example of a P- or U-listed hazardous waste is a
              pesticide which is not used during its shelf-life and needs to be disposed in
              bulk. The primary difference between the two lists is the amount at which
              the chemical is controlled. The P-list consists of highly toxic wastes that are
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