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Hazardous Waste and Its Treatment Process 127

Table 9.2 Composition of different waste materials
Names Details of waste materials Chemical compositions
Municipal solid Street sweepings, tree Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
waste trimmings, sludge, nitrogen, sulfur, cadmium,
landscape, wastes from chromium, nickel,
recreational areas, etc. lead, zinc, aluminum,
ferrous, bronze, selenium,
vanadium, Na 2 CO 3,
calcium carbonate.
Medical waste Infectious wastes (bandages, Polychlorinated biphenyl,
gloves, cultures, swabs, oxides of nitrogen, CH 4 S,
blood and bodily fluids), oxides of sulfur, PCB,
hazardous wastes, ammonium, etc.
radioactive wastes,
pharmaceutical wastes.
Agricultural waste Spoiled food wastes, rice Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
husks, cotton stalks, ash, and moisture content.
pesticides, animal excreta,
silage effluent, veterinary
medicines.
Industrial waste Phenols, heavy metals, toxic Sodium, potassium,
compounds, dissolved air magnesium, copper, gold,
flotation. silver, etc.

hazardous waste. The composition of different waste materials is listed in
Table 9.2. For this reason, groups of wastes are classified in the following
five general categories:
Radioactive substance: Radioactive substances are constantly pro-
ducing three kinds of treacherous radiation: alpha particles, beta parti-
cles, and gamma rays. These types of radiation can’t be seen by naked
eye, and so one don’t see a green glow. The time required for the ra-
dioactivity of a certain quantity of the substance to decay to half its
original value is called as half-life of radioactive substance. For example,
uranium compounds have half-life in the range of 72 years for U232 to
23,420,000 years for U236. The administration of radioactive wastes is
highly controlled by national and state regulatory agencies. Disposal sites
which are used for the long-term storage of radioactive wastes are not
allowed to use for the disposal of any other solid waste [13].
Chemicals: Most dangerous chemical waste materials can be divided
into four models: synthetic organics matter, inorganic metals or ma-
terials, exotic salts, acids and bases, and combustible and explosives.