Page 144 - Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

126 Energy from Toxic Organic Waste for Heat and Power Generation

regulated when the amount generated per month, or collected at any time,
exceeds 1 kg (2.2 pounds), while U-listed hazardous wastes are regulated
when the amount generated per month exceeds 25 kg (55 pounds).

Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes
A RCRA characteristic hazardous sludge is a solid waste that shows min-
imum one of four types listed in 40 CFR Part 261 subpart C ignitability
(D001), corrosivity (D002), reactivity (D003), and toxicity (D004–D043).
The combustible flash point has less than 60°C (140°F) [10]. A dangerous
waste can increase the mortality or serious irreversible or reversible illness
or substantial hazard to the human health and environment also.
(i) Ignitability (EPA Waste Identification Number D001): Wastes that are
hazardous due to the ignitability properties comprise of liquids with
flash points below 60°C, nonliquids that can generate fire in a definite
set of circumstances, ignitable compressed gases, and oxidizers. EPA as-
signed D001 as the waste code for ignitable hazardous wastes [11].
(ii) Corrosivity (EPA Waste Identification Number D002): Wastes that
are hazardous due to the corrosivity characteristic involve aqueous
wastes having a pH of less than or equal to 2 or a pH greater than or
equal to 12.5 or based on the liquid’s capability to corrode steel. EPA
assigned D002 as the waste code for hazardous wastes.
(iii) Reactivity (EPA Waste Identification Number D003): Wastes that are
hazardous due to the reactivity characteristic can misbehave under
general conditions, may react with water, may release off toxic gases,
and may be capable of explosion under normal conditions or when
heated. EPA assigned D003 as the waste code for reactive hazardous
wastes.
(iv) Toxicity (EPA Waste Identification Number D004): Wastes that are
hazardous due to the toxicity characteristic are unsafe when con-
sumed or absorbed. The toxic wastes cause anxiety as they may be able
to filter from waste and pollute the groundwater level. The toxicity
of unwanted materials is determined by the Toxicity Characteristic
Leaching Procedure (TCLP). EPA assigned hazardous waste codes for
maximum concentration of contaminants for the toxicity characteris-
tics (from D004 to D043) as determined by TCLP [12].

9.3.2 Classification
From a practical perspective, there are far too many compounds, prod-
ucts, and product combinations that fit within the wide explanation of