Page 208 - Foundations of Cognitive Psychology : Core Readings

Chapter 9

The Auditory Scene

Albert S. Bregman

Historical Difference between Auditory and Visual Perception
If you were to pick up a general textbook on perception written before 1965
and leaf through it, you would not find any great concern with the perceptual
or ecological questions about audition. By a perceptual question I mean one
that asks how our auditory systems could build a picture of the world around
us through their sensitivity to sound, whereas by an ecological one I am refer-
ring to one that asks how our environment tends to create and shape the sound
around us. (The two kinds of questions are related. Only by being aware of
how the sound is created and shaped in the world can we know how to use it
to derive the properties of the sound-producing events around us.)
Instead, you would find discussions of such basic auditory qualities as loud-
ness and pitch. For each of these, the textbook might discuss the psychophys-
ical question: which physical property of the sound gives rise to the perceptual
quality that we experience? It might also consider the question of how the
physiology of the ear and nervous system could respond to those properties
of sound. The most perceptual of the topics that you might encounter would
be concerned with how the sense of hearing can tell the listener where sounds
are coming from. Under this heading, some consideration would be given to
the role of audition in telling us about the world around us. For the most part,
instead of arising from everyday life, the motivation of much of the research
on audition seems to have its origins in the medical study of deafness, where
the major concerns are the sensitivity of the auditory system to weak sounds,
the growth in perceived intensity with increases in the energy of the signal, and
the effects of exposure to noise.
The situation would be quite different in the treatment of vision. It is true
that you would see a treatment of psychophysics and physiology, and indeed
there would be some consideration of such deficits as colorblindness, but this
would not be the whole story. You would also find discussions of higher-level
principles of organization, such as those responsible for the constancies. There
would, for example, be a description of size constancy, the fact that we tend to
see the size of an object as unchanged when it is at a different distance, despite
the fact that the image that it projects on our retinas shrinks as it moves further
away. Apparently some complex analysis by the brain takes into account clues
other than retinal size in arriving at the perceived size of an object.

From chapter 1 in Auditory Scene Analysis (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 1–45. Reprinted with
permission.