Page 78 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

64 From smart grid to internet of energy

instant monitoring of generation and consumption rates, load amount of substa-
tions, demandprofile and other similarparameters ofactive grid [1].Anoptimized
and efficient demand side integration is based on two-way communication
system, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), automatic meter management
(AMM) and comprehensive monitoring technologies. The smart metering is
needed to accomplish these requirements that are not possible to be performed
by mechanical and regular metering devices. Smart meters are assumed as mile-
stone of smart grid evolution as well as smart power networks and improved
power electronic devices [1, 2]. The smart metering requirements have been pre-
sented in the previous chapter where sensors, transducers, sensor networks and
phasor measurement unit (PMU) have been introduced. This chapter deals with
smart metering, AMI, PMU applications and smart monitoring systems.
The security and sustainability of smart grid infrastructure are highly
depended to precisely organized metering and monitoring technologies that
provide two-way communication and rapid response to operational conditions.
It is noted that outages cost around $25– $180 billion to US economy [2].Itis
obvious that huge amount of blackout and curtailment costs can be prevented by
a certainly planned monitoring and metering infrastructure. In addition to DSM,
energy management systems (EMSs) and distribution management systems
(DMSs) are required to ensure power quality measurements for DERs and
microgrid networks penetrating to utility grid. The EMS may be comprised
by centralized or decentralized approaches that centralized EMS is based on
intelligent algorithms and services and decentralized EMS is performed by
using logical applications operating on entire network. The EMS is responsible
for detecting active and reactive power balance against the varying conditions
of DERs, demand, load profile, transmission and distribution losses, voltage
disturbances, and power quality of utility grid [2].
A smart metering system provides measurement and recording of electricity,
gas and water consumption in the infrastructure that has been located. The mea-
sured consumption data may be locally saved and transmitted to monitoring
center in specified intervals of a few minutes to daily periods. Therefore, a smart
meter should be equipped with several capabilities such as internal data storage,
two-way communication, report generating, remote control for connection and
disconnection, and tamper detection to prevent malicious interventions. The
featured capabilities of smart metering system allow transmission system oper-
ators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs) to acquire instant
demand data, to manage outage and curtailment faults, to operate service res-
toration and self-healing procedures, and to perform distribution network anal-
ysis, demand planning and billing operations. The recent advances in smart
metering technologies enabled evolution of conventional automated meter
reading devices to AMIs that allows managing mentioned processes and ser-
vices by TSOs and DSOs. The key components of an AMI system are based
on communication, database management and server technologies besides
measurement interfaces [2, 3].