Page 82 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

68 From smart grid to internet of energy

Moreover, GIS provides data to CIS to facilitate its operation during consump-
tion rate detection and billing operation by including geographical location.
The CIS is crucial to ensure customer services and providing reliable billing
services. The system manages user accounts, consumption rates with time
stamp indicators, and provides database for user interactions. The DMS can
be considered as the supervisor of whole architecture where it is responsible
for tracking power quality and load demand to provide the required data for
decision making and estimations [1, 2, 4].
Another significant component of smart metering architecture is comprised
by communication interface and ICT technologies. HAN, NAN, and WAN net-
works as shown in Fig. 2.4 perform the communication of entire architecture
between customer premises and MDMS. The HAN is essential network inte-
grating and connecting smart meters with smart home appliances, EMS sys-
tems, in-home display and management interfaces, micro generation sources
in residential and industrial microgrid, and heating, ventilation and air condi-
tioning devices. The fundamental task of HAN is to ensure interoperability
of appliances in residential smart grid by using wireline and wireless commu-
nication infrastructures, protocols and services. In addition to comprise a com-
munication platform, it also provides security and reliability of consumer data
and entire metering system. Thus, a secure and widespread energy management
system is achieved for the households.
HAN infrastructure provides to operate several services such as remote con-
trol, monitoring, multimedia systems, surveillance cameras and energy man-
agement applications. Another significant contribution of HAN to smart
metering system is related with microgrid and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)
that is required to be monitored by DNOs in the context of DSM and DR man-
agement issues. The internal residential networks are associated with the left
part of utility grid by using NAN and WAN infrastructures. The fundamental
objective of NAN is to perform consumption data of customers inherited from
smart meters to WAN devices. It is assumed that data size of a residential smart
meter is lower than 100 kB/day and multiple smart meter connection are
considered while planning transmission line data rates. The massive data

FIG. 2.4 Communication architecture in smart metering infrastructure.