Page 84 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

70 From smart grid to internet of energy

TABLE 2.1 Comparison of AMR and AMI architectures

AMR—Conventional
Feature meters AMI—Smart meters
Meter type Electromechanical, Electronic with remote control and
electronic communication features
Data Monthly Real-time
acquisition
interval
Data Cumulative kWh Dynamic pricing
recording
method
Operational Monthly data reading Pricing, utility management, DR,
options emergency response
Key Billing, CIS Billing, CIS, customer data display,
contributions outage management, emergency DR
Customer None DR programs, HEMS, cost management
interaction
Additional None Smart appliances, microgrid and PEV
services integration
Outage and Phone call Self-detection, verification, self-healing
faults

technologies. Additionally, smart meters promote customers to build their own
microgrid plants due to grid-tie operation allowed by two-way power and com-
munication capabilities.
Another key contribution of smart meters is penetration of PEV and energy
storage system (ESS) to utility grid since smart meters enable grid-to-vehicle
(G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations. The outage and fault detection
are another crucial contribution of smart meters to utility grid and network oper-
ators. The sensor networks interacting with smart meters are convenient to
detect any outage and fault occurred in customer network. The two-way control
allows detection, localization, verification and fixing the outage ad faults at
individual customer level [4, 6].
The improvement of AMI systems provides many advantages to customers
and network operators at any level including distribution automation (DA), sub-
station automation, fault detection and protection, energy efficiency, asset man-
agement, DR and DSM. The advantages can be classified as short-term and
long-term due to their effects and contributions that are listed in Table 2.2.
The improved ICT infrastructure and two-way communication opportuni-
ties have leveraged evolution of smart metering systems that provide many