Page 384 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

INDEX 367

Rayleigh criterion, for spatial resolution, 88, 252 Short noise, see Photon noise
Read noise, 273–275, 301 Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
Readout rate, digital CCD microscopy, 269–270 confocal laser scanning microscopy, 217
Real images defined, 300–301
defined, 45, 49 digital CCD microscopy, 276
location of, 49 digital image processing, 299–306
virtual images distinguished from, 45 effect of background on, 302–303
Real intermediate image, 2, 3 Newberry’s analytical equation, 304–305
Recordkeeping, image processing, 309–310 video microscopy, 247–248
Red fluorescent protein (RFP), 185, 187 Silicon-intensifier target (SIT) camera, 239, 250
Refraction of light, 20 Simple lens
Refractive index image formation, 43–46
characteristics of, 68–69, 86, 103, 130 object-image math, 46–50
phase contrast microscopy, 103 ray tracing rules, 46
polarization microscopy, 127–128 thin, 45, 47
Region of interest (ROI), 269 Sign of birefringence, 127
Relative error, 302 Single sideband edge-enhancement (SSEE)
Relative phase microscopy, 168, 172
retardation, 144 Slow axis, polarization microscopy, 128, 130,
shift, 132 141–143
Relative retardation ( ), polarized light, 127–128, Slow-scan CCD camera, 259
139, 143 Smith T system (DIC), 157
Relay lens, magnification by, 246 Spatial filter, 208, 250
Resolving power, defined, 87 Spatial frequency, 245
diffraction-limited, 66 Spatial frequency filter, image processing, 171, 296
Retarders, 136, 139–141, 145 Spatial resolution
Retina aperture angle, 89–90
after-images, 27 characteristics of, 87–90
diffraction and, 67 confocal laser scanning microscopy, 215–216,
light sensitivity, 23–24 218, 220, 223–224
photoreceptor cells, 15–16, 22 contrast vs., 91–93
structure of, 24 digital CCD microscopy, 272, 276
RGB (red-green-blue) fluorescence microscopy, 196
color analysis, 24–25, 277 numerical aperture, effect on, 89–90
image processing, 313 optical limit of, 89
Rhodamine fluorescence, 188 resolving power, defined, 87
Rhodopsin, 23–24 video microscopy, 244–246
Rod cell photoreceptors Spectroscope, 25, 33, 141
defined, 16 Spherical aberration, 51–52
distribution of, 24 Standards, image processing, 309
sensitivity of, 23 Stepper motor, 205
vision, 22–23 Stokes shift, 182
RS-170 video format, 236–238 Strain birefringence, 128, 137
RS-330 video format, 236 Stray light, 92
Stress birefringence, 128
Safety guidelines Stressed lens, 161
bulb replacement, 34 Structural birefringence, 127
confocal imaging, 211 Subarray, digital CCD microscopy
fluorescent dyes and fixatives, 201 mode, 267
Koehler illumination and, 11 readout, 269–270
Schlieren microscopy, 170 Subtraction color, 142, 149
Scotopic vision, 23 Superresolution confocal microscopy, 216
Semiapochromatic lenses, 53 Surround wave (S wave), phase contrast
Serial register, 262–263 microscopy, 99, 101–104, 107
Shade-off, 109–110 S-VHS video format, 252
Shading correction, in video microscopy, 241 S wave, see Surround wave (S wave)
Shadow-cast effect, 166, 168 System MTF, 252, 254–255
Shear axis, 159
Shear distance, 159 Tandem scanning confocal microscopy, 229
Short-pass filters, 37–38 Telescope eyepiece, 5