Page 382 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

INDEX 365

destructive, 64 Median filter, 295
Interline transfer CCD cameras, 267–268 Mercury arc lamps
Intrinsic birefringence, 127 alignment, in epi-illuminator, 35–36
Inverse transform bulb replacement, 33–34
diffraction patterns, 81–82 characteristics of, 29–31, 32, 41
digital image processing, 299 Metal halide arc lamps, 29, 33
Inverted microscopes, design of, 3–4, 11 Michel Lèvy color chart, 143–144, 149, 167
Ion arc lamps, 30–33 Microchannel plate, 251
IR-blocking filters, 40 Minsky, Marvin, 206
Modulation contrast microscopy
Jablonski diagram, 180 alignment, 171–172
oblique illumination, 169–172
Kalman averaging, 217 Modulation transfer function (MTF), 247, 252–255
Koehler, August, 1, 7–9 Molar extinction coefficient, 182
Koehler illumination Monochromatic light, 20–21, 76, 92, 158
adjusting the microscope for, 7, 9–11 Multi-immersion lenses, 54
characteristics of, 6–7 Multiphoton excitation, 228
DIC microscopy, 158 Multiple fluorescence filter, 194
diffraction pattern formation, 80
modulation contrast microscopy, 172 Negative birefringence, 128
phase contrast microscopy, 104 Negative colors, 24–26
Negative lens, 43–44
Laser(s) Negative phase contrast systems, 106, 107
in confocal laser scanning microscopy, 221 Neutral density (ND) filters, 38–39
light, 20–21 Newvicon tube, 239
Lens equation, 46–47, 59 Night vision, 22–23
Lenses, see Objective lenses; Simple lenses Nipkow disk, 229–230
aberrations, 50–52 Normal viewing mode, 5
object-image math, 46–50 NTSC video format, 236
Light Numerical aperture (NA)
intensity, see Intensity of light characteristics of, 55, 85–87
as probe, 15–18 spatial resolution, increase by oil immersion,
properties, 18–22 87–93
Light microscopy Nyquist criterion, 220–221, 246, 248–249, 272
aperture, 4–6
calibration of magnification, 12–13 Object distance, 45
handling precautions, 11 Objective lens
image planes, 4–6 aberrations of, 50–52
inverted designs, 3–4 designs, 53–54
Koehler illumination, 6–10 function of, 2–4
oil immersion optics, 4, 11 image brightness, 55–56
optical components of, 1–3 markings on barrel, 54–55
Linearly polarized light, 21, 117, 119, 121 Oblique illumination, 169–172
Live cells, examination of Oculars, see Eyepieces
effects of light on, 32, 41–42 Offset
fluorescence microscopy, 198–203 confocal laser scanning microscopy, 221–223, 230
Logarithmic histogram, 287 video microscopy, 240, 242–244
Long pass filters, 37–38 Oil immersion technique, 11
Long working distance lenses, 54 Optic axis, 7
Look-up-table (LUT), digital image processing Optical density, 38
applications, generally, 284–287 Optical path length (OPL)
exponential, 287–289 constancy of, 68–69
Low-pass filter, image processing, 293 defined, 103
differential interference contrast (DIC)
Magnification microscopy, 153–155
calibration of, 12–13 phase contrast microscopy, 103
defined, 1, 47–49 Optical path length difference, 69, 103, 108, 127
Maintenance guidelines, see Cleaning and mainte- DIC microscopy, 154, 160
nance guidelines phase contrast microscopy, 108
Malus’ law, 124 polarized light, 127–128