Page 380 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

INDEX 363

Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy Electric field vector, 17
alignment, 161, 163–165 Electromagnetic radiation, 15–18
compensators, 167 Electromagnetic spectrum, 18
DIC prism, 157–158 Electromagnetic waves, 15–17
equipment, 155–157 Electron holes, 261, 263
image formation, 159–160 Electron tube, video microscopy, 236
image interpretation, 166–167 Elliptically polarized light, 131–132, 140
O and E wavefront interference, bias retardation, Emission filter, 190–191
160–161 Emission spectra of fluorescent dyes, 181–182,
optical system, 153–157 184, 187, 188
Diffracted wave (D wave), phase contrast Entrance pupil, 57
microscopy, 101–104, 107 Epi-illumination
Diffraction characteristics of, 35–36
angle, 71, 76 confocal laser scanning microscopy, 215
aperture angle, effect on spot size, 65, 68–71 fluorescence microscopy, 189–192
characteristics of, 62–63 Epitope tagging, 177
defined, 20–21, 61–62 Equalize contrast function, image processing, see
grating, see Diffraction grating Histogram equalization
image of point source, 64–68 E vector of light wave, 15–17, 19–20
by microscope specimens, 84 Excitation filter
pattern in back aperture of objective lens, fluorescence microscopy, 190–191
80–82 Excitation spectra of fluorescent dyes, 181–182,
phase contrast microscopy, 109–110 184, 188
rings, 65 Exit pupil, 5, 57
spatial resolution, see Spatial resolution Exponential LUTs, 287–289
spot size, 69–71 External detection, two-photon confocal
Diffraction grating microscopy, 227
action of, 72 Extinction
demonstration of, 75–77 DIC microscopy, 158–159, 165
equation, 71–72 of light by evossed polars, 120
line spacing calculation, 71–75 polarization microscope, 137–138, 147
Diffraction planes, 4, 5 Extinction factor, 123
Digital image processing Extraordinary ray (E ray)
convolution filters, 283–284, 292–299 DIC microscopy, 157–160
data types, 284–285 polarization microscopy, 140–142, 144, 146,
flat-field correction, 283–284, 289, 291–292, 148
303–306 polarized light, 124–126, 128–130, 132
gamma adjustments, 283–284, 287–290 Eye(s)
histogram adjustment, 283–284, 285–289 day vision, 22–23
image display, 284–285 entrance pupil, 57
signal-to-noise ratio, 283, 284, 299–306 night vision, 22–23
Digital image processor, 249–250 perception, magnified virtual images, 3, 5,
Digital signal processor, 254–255 50
Digital-to-analogue converter, 238 sensitivity range of, 22
Digitizer, 275 structure of, 16
Distortion, lens aberration, 51–53, 60 Eyepieces, specifications of, 56, 57. See also Tele-
Double refraction, 124–127 scope eyepiece
Double-stained specimens, 202–203
Doublet lenses, achromatic, 56 Fast axis, 128, 143
DsRed protein, 187 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 296, 298
Dual-beam interference optics, 153, 168–169 Field curvature, 51–52, 56, 60
Dual-field mode, video microscopy, 237–238 Field diaphragm, 5
Dust, cleaning guidelines, 58 Field planes, 4–5
D wave, see Diffracted wave (D wave) Filtering in image processing, 292
Dynamic range (DR) Filters
confocal laser scanning microscopy, 216–217, 222 colored glass, 39
digital CCD microscopy, 271, 274–276 function of, 37–38
video microscopy, 246–247 handling guidelines, 11
interference, 39–41
Edge filters, 37 neutral density (ND), 38–39
EIA video format, 236–237 First-order red plate, 141–145, 148–151