Page 383 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

366 INDEX

Optovar lens, 57 Planapochromatic lenses, 53, 194
Ordinary ray (O ray) Plane parallel, 117
DIC microscopy, 157–160 Point scanning, 208
polarization microscopy, 140–141, 144, 146, Polarizability, 130–131
148 Polarization colors, 143, 144, 167
polarized light, 124–126, 128–130, 132 Color Plate 9–1
Orthoscopic image, 4 Polarization cross, 138, 161
Oversampling, 220 Polarization microscopy
Oxyrase, 42, 199 adjusting, 138–139
birefringent objects, appearance of, 139
Panning, 314 characteristics of, 15, 38
Paraboloid condenser, 114–115 compensators, see Compensators
Parallel register, 261–263 molecular organization in biological structures,
Parfocal optics, 9 148–151
Particle wave (P wave), phase contrast microscopy, optics, 136–138
101–103, 107 retardation plates, 139–141
Peltier thermoelectric device, 267 Polarized light
Phase contrast microscopy birefringence, 127–133
alignment, 106 characteristics of, 20–21, 29
image interpretation, 106–110 double refraction in crystals, 124–127
optical design, 97–99, 103–106, 168 elliptical, generation by birefringerant speci-
phase immersion refractometry, 110–112 mens, 131–133
Phase gradient, 154 generation of, 117–119
Phase halos, 108–110, 168 polarizer, function of, 136–137
Phase object, 97 production with a Polaroid filter,
Phase plate, 105 119–121
Phase shift, 103, 108 propagation, O and E wavefronts in birefringent
Phosphorescence, 181 crystal, 128–130
Photobleaching reflection, 121–122
confocal laser scanning microscopy, 223–224 scattering, 121–122
fluorescence microscopy, 181, 183 vectorial analysis using dichroic filter, 121,
Photodiode, 261 123–124, 126
Photomultiplier tube (PMT) Polarizer
confocal imaging, 207–209 DIC microscopy, 155–156, 163
Photons function of, 118–121
electromagnetic radiation, 15–16 in polarization microscopy, 136–137
energy, 17 Polaroid sheet, 119–121
light, as particles and waves, 18–20 Positive colors, 24–26
Photon noise, 273–274, 301–302 Positive lens, characteristics of, 43–44, 48
Photon-limited signal, image processing, 301 Positive phase contrast systems, 105–107, 168
Photopic vision, 22, 23–24 Principal planes, 43–44
Photoreceptors Printing guidelines, image processing, 311
cone cell, 24 Progressive scan CCD camera, 268
defined, 15 Pseudocolor, image processing, 313–315
function of, 16, 22 P wave, see Particle wave (P wave)
rod cell, 23
Phototoxicity Quantum efficiency (QE)
characteristics of, 41 digital CCD microscopy, 272–273
digital CCD microscopy, 271 fluorescence emission, 182
fluorescence microscopy, 198–199 Quartz, 126–128, 157
Photovisual pigments, 25 Quartz halogen lamps, 29, 31
Pinhole aperture, confocal imaging, 208, 210–213, Quenching, of fluorescence, 183
215–216, 218, 224
Pinhole camera, 66–67 Ramsden disk, 57
Pixels Ramsden eyepiece, 57
in confocal imaging, 210, 219 Raster
digital CCD microscopy, 261–265, 267–269, confocal microscopy, 208
272–273 video microscopy, 236, 238
digital image processing, 292–295, 300–304 Raw image, 224, 289–292, 305
in video microscopy, 236–237, 241 Rayleigh, Lord, 100