Page 381 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging

364 INDEX

Flat-field digital CCD microscopy, 270–271
correction, 289–293 video microscopy, 238, 240, 242–244
frame, 289, 291, 305–306 Galvanometer mirror, 209–211
Flow birefringence, 128 Gamma
Fluorescence adjustments, digital image processing, 287–288,
dyes, see Fluorescent dye properties 290
naturally occurring substances, 189 in video microscopy, 240–241
physical basis of, 179–182 Geometrical optics, 43
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), 179 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 185, 187
Fluorescence microscopy
alignment, 192 Halfbandwidth (HBW), 37–38
applications, 177–179 High-pass filter, image processing, 293
autofluorescence, endogenous molecules, 185, Histogram
187–189 adjustment, digital image processing, 283–284,
dichroic mirror, 190–194 285–289
epi-illuminator, 189–192 equalization, in digital image processing, 295–296
filter arrangements, 189–193 image processing guidelines, 310–311
fluorescence excitation, lamps for, 191 integrated, 287
living cells, examination of, 198–203 logarithmic, 287
multiply stained specimens, bleed-through prob- stretching, in digital image processing, 286–287
lem, 197–198 Hoffman modulation contrast (MCM) system
objective lenses, 194, 196 alignment, 172
spatial resolution, 194, 196 optics, 169–171
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching Huygenian eyepiece, 57
(FRAP), 179 Huygens’ wavelets, 72, 74–75, 129
Fluorescent dyes
Alexa dyes, 187 Illumination, see Koehler illumination
chlorophylla, 184 Illuminators
cyanine dyes, 187 alignment, new bulb replacement, 34–36
DAPI, 188 arc lamp power supplies, 32, 36–37
fluorescein, 182, 188, 193 spectra, 29–34
GFP, dsRed, 187 Image analysis, 283
properties, 182–186, 188, 200 Image distance, 45
table of, 185 Image formation theory, 77–80
TRITC, 188 Image histogram, digital image processing, see
Fluorite lenses, 53–54 Histograms
Fluoroscein, 182–185, 195, 197–198, 228, 251 Image intensifier, 250–251
Focal length, 45–46 Image planes, 4–6
Focal point, 45 Image processing, see Digital image processing
Focal ratio, 65–67 Immersion oil
Focus control, compound light microscope, 3 cleaning guidelines, 58
Form birefringence, 127 resolution and, 87
Foucault, Leon, 169 use, 11
Fovea, function of, 16, 24 Immunofluorescence microscopy, 177–179
Frame, in video microscopy Incandescent lamps, 29–30
accumulation, 249 Incoherent light, 82
averaging, 249, 256 Index ellipsoid, 130
defined, 236, 238 Infinity focus objective lenses, 50
Frame grabber board, 235 Infrared (IR) radiation, 18, 32, 41
Frame-transfer CCD cameras, 267 Integrated histogram, 287
Free radicals, 42 Intensifier silicon-intensifier target (ISIT) cameras,
Frequency, light wave, 16, 17 250
Full-frame CCD cameras, 264, 267 ISIT, see Intensifier silicon-intensifier (ISIT) camera
Full wave plate compensator, 141–145 Intensity
Full width at half maximum transmission of light, 21–22
(FWHM), 37–38 Interference
characteristics of, 62–63
Gain colors, 141–143
confocal laser scanning microscopy, 221–223, constructive, 64, 75
225–226 defined, 61–62