Page 379 - Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging
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362      INDEX

                                Calcite crystal, 126–127              Sénarmont, 145–147, 167
                                Cardioid condenser, 114–115          Complementary colors, 26–27
                                Camera control unit (CCU), 269       Composite view, confocal microscopy, 213
                                Camera electronics unit, see Camera control unit  projection view, confocal microscopy, see Com-
                                   (CCU)                                posite view
                                Carl Zeiss, 77–78, 86                Compound lenses, 51–52
                                CCD cameras                          Compound light microscope, 1–2
                                  architecture, 262, 267–268         Condenser
                                  characteristics of, 260–267         Koehler illumination, 10
                                  color, 277                          lens, 2, 56
                                  confocal laser scanning microscopy, 217, 229–230  Cone cell photoreceptors, 24
                                  dynamic range, 275                 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)
                                  frame transfer, 267                 adjustments, 217–223
                                  full-frame, 261–264, 267            image quality criteria, 215–217
                                  interline transfer, 267–268         optical principles of, 208–211
                                  performance evaluation, 279–281     performance criteria, 215–217
                                  readout rates, 269                  photobleaching, 223–224
                                  repair and service of, 278–279      procedures for acquiring confocal image,
                                  selection factors, 278–279            224–226
                                  types of, 269                       scan rate, 218, 224–226, 230–231
                                  video microscopy, 236–239           spinning Nipkow disk, 229–230
                                CCD imager, 260–267                   two-photon, 226–229
                                CCIR video format, 236               Conjugate focal planes
                                Central wavelength (CWL), 38          aperture, 5–6
                                Charge-coupled device (CCD). See CCD cameras  defined, 4
                                Chlorophyll, fluorescence of, 183–184  field, 5–6
                                Chromatic aberration, 51–52, 60       Koehler illumination, 10
                                Circularly polarized light, 131–132  Conoscopic mode, 4
                                Cleaning and maintenance guidelines  Constructive interference, 63, 64, 75
                                  abrasions, 58–59                   Contrast, 22
                                  dichroic mirrors, 192              Contrast threshold, 22
                                  dust, 58                           Convolution filter, 292–295
                                  immersion oil, 58                  Cooling, CCD cameras, 264, 267
                                  mechanical force, 59               Coverslips, thickness of, 57
                                  scratches, 58–59                   Cumulative histogram, 287–288
                                Clipping, in digital image processing, 287  Curvature of field, 52
                                Closed-circuit TV, 236               Cut-off frequency, video imaging systems,
                                CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), image  252–253
                                   processing, 313
                                Coherence of light                   Daisy-chained equipment, 254–255
                                  defined, 20–21                     DAPI, 188
                                  in DIC, 153–154                    Dark count, 273
                                  in image formation, 82–84, 92      Dark-field microscopy
                                  in phase contrast, 101, 103         image interpretation, 115
                                Collector lens, 7                     theory, 112
                                Collimated beam, 20–21               Dark frame, digital image processing, 292, 305
                                Color                                Dark noise, 273
                                  balance, incandescent lamps, 30    Data types, digital image processing, 284–285
                                  complementary, 26–27               Day vision, 22–23
                                  negative, 24–26                    Deconvolution microscopy, 205–206
                                  positive 24–26                     Demagnified image, 49
                                  in scientific publications, 312–313  Depth of field, 90–91
                                  visual perception, 22–24           Depth of focus, 90–91
                                Colored glass filters, 39            Descanning, 210
                                Coma, 51–52, 60                      Destructive interference, 63, 64
                                Compensators                         DIC microscopy, see Differential interference con-
                                  Brace-Koehler, 147–148                trast (DIC) microscopy
                                  DIC microscopy, 167                DIC prism, see Wollaston prism
                                  full wave plate ( -plate), 141–145, 148–151, 167  Dichroic filter, 121, 123–124
                                  polarizing microscope, optical component, 136,  Dichroic mirror, 190–194
                                   137, 140                          Dielectric constant, polarized light, 129–130
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