Page 155 - Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis

5 Finite Element Modeling of Turnout Diamond 151

s
Actual behaviour
Strain hardening
portion
Upper yield
peak
Plastic
plateau
s
y
Elastic-perfectly plastic
Linear elastic range approximation

E

e
(a) Stress-strain relationship of structural steel
40
35
30
Stress (N/mm 2 ) 20
25

15
10
5
0
–0.002 –0.001 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
–5
Strain
(b) Stress-strain relationship of concrete
FIGURE 6.24
Material models in STRAND7. (a) Stress-strain relationship of structural steel. (b) Stress-
strain relationship of concrete.

5.3 CONTACT SURFACES
Using the contact surface element provided by STRAND7, as for the joining of non-
aligned bricks, links have to be formed. This means that the load distributed through
the nodes are not transferred to the other nodes, but rather spreads out on the whole