Page 410 - Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis

408 CHAPTER 15 Welding-associated failures in power boilers

4 CONCLUSION
It should be kept in the mind of design and material engineers that the service con-
ditions for power boilers provides the three necessary conditions (susceptible micro-
structure, state of stress, and corroding environment) causing SCC to end the life of
parts. If stresses are absent, other forms of corrosion (pitting) may appear. During
installation and assembly, it should be remembered that welding of attachments
provides two out of three parameters essential for SCC existence. The wrong selec-
tion of the material or welding process may lead to design or metallurgical conditions
promoting SCC.

REFERENCES

[1] David Thomas R. Material requirements for service conditions. 3rd ed. ASM hand book,
welding, brazing and soldering, vol. 6; 1993. p. 373–401.
[2] Liou H-Y, Hsieh R-I, Tsa W-T. Microstructure and stress corrosion cracking in simulated
heat-affected zones of duplex stainless steels. Corr Sci 2002;44:2841–56.
[3] Nilsson JO. Super duplex stainless steels. Mater Sci Technol 1992;8:685–700.
[4] Ravindranath K, Mailhotra SN. The influence of aging on the intergranular corrosion of
22 chromium–5 nickel duplex stainless steel. Corr Sci 1995;37:121–32.
[5] Czyrska A, Lipiec A, Ennis PJ. Modified 9% Cr steels for advanced power generation:
microstructure and properties. JAMME 2006;19(2):43–8.
[6] Arivazhagan B, Prabhu R, Albert SK, Kamaraj M, Sundaresan S. Microstructure and
mechanical properties of 9Cr-1Mo steel weld fusion zones as a function of weld metal
composition. Materials Park, OH: ASM International; 2008.
[7] Yoshino M, Mishima Y, Toda Y, Kushima H, Sawada K. Phase equilibrium between
austenite and MX carbonitrides in a 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel. ISIJ Int 2005;45(1):107–15.
[8] Welding metallurgy of stainless steels, Module 22, Canadian Welding Bureau, https://
www.cwbinfo.org/programs/cwbi-module-22-welding-metallurgy-stainless-steel.
[9] Jefferson TB, Woods G. Metals and how to weld them. Cleveland, OH: The James
Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation; 1990.
[10] Olson DL, Siewert TA, Liu S, Edwards GR. ASM handbook, welding and brazing, vol. 6.
Materials Park, OH: ASM International; 1993, ISBN 0-87170-382-3(V.1).
[11] Ivan Karayan A, Castaneda H. Weld decay failure of a UNS S31603 stainless steel stor-
age tank. Eng Fail Anal 2014;44:351–62.
[12] Barbosa C, Joneo Lopes do N, Luiz Fernandes J, de Cerqueira Abud I. Failure analysis of
two stainless steel based components used in an oil refinery. J Fail Anal Prev
2008;8:320–6.
[13] Bernasovsky ´ P. Failure analysis of welded components – importance for technical prac-
tice, In: Proc. IIW international congress in Central and East European region Slovakia,
High Tatras, Stara ´ Lesna ´; 2009.
[14] Andre ´s R, Galvis E, Hormaza W. Characterization of failure modes for different welding
processes of AISI/SAE 304 stainless steels. Eng Fail Anal 2011;18:1791–9.
[15] Liou HY, Sieh RIH, Tsai WT. Microstructure and pitting corrosion in simulated heat-
affected zones of duplex stainless steels. Mater Chem Phys 2002;74:33–42.