Page 477 - Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis

476 Index

Patch test modulation period, 423, 424f
advantages, 313 shear stress and equivalent stress, 424
disadvantages, 313 soft metal layers, thickness, 423
SEM/EDS, 313 Ti/TiN multi-layer coating, 423
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings wear resistance and fracture resistance, 422
cutting tools, 411, 412t oxidation resistance and low friction coefficient,
deposition parameters 411
aluminum, 418–419 Pitting corrosion
bias voltage, 415 absence of cracks, 396
coating adhesion, CrN, 416 chemical analysis, tubes, 395–396, 395t
coating hardness, 416–417 chloride-induced pitting, 398
coating properties, 413, 413f chromates, 398
coating thickness, 417–418, 418t crevice corrosion, 394–395
columnar grains, 414–415 liquid penetrant test, 395–396, 396f
evaporation method, 415 mesa corrosion, 394–395
ion energy, 417 Obaiyed Field, 395
magnetronsputtered coatings, 415–416 pure corrosion/combined stress-corrosion, 394
nitrogen-based coatings, 417 visual and macroscopic study, 396, 397f, 398t
substrate properties, 418 welded/none-welded parts, 394
substrate temperature, 416–417 Plate heat-exchanger failure. See Heat-exchanger
thermal stresses, 416 plate failure
Thornton’s model, 413–414, 414f Platen superheater tube failures. See High-
dynamic loading temperature creep failures
coating-substrate undulation, 431–432, 432f Polymer additives, 459
cyclic loading, 432 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 445, 461–462, 466f
erosion degradation, 431–432, 432f Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 445, 461–462, 466f
erosion of materials, 430–431 Postweld heat treatment (PWHT), 393–394
erosion resistance, 432 Power boilers
incubation period, 431 austenitic SSs, chromium
mechanical properties, 431 classification, 389–390, 390t
microstructure, 431 DSS, 391–392
shear fractures, 433, 433f electrical resistivities, 390
solid particle erosion, 431 HAZ, 391–392
thermal properties, 431 microstructure and mechanical properties, 391
fatigue strength oxidation and depletion, 391
coating delamination, 430 PWHT, 393–394
cracking mode, 428 SMAW and GMAW, 391
crack initiation, 430 stress-driven/environmental-driven
experimental investigations, 428–429, 429f mechanism, 391
fatigue fracture, 430 thermal properties, 390
fatigue tests and parameters, 427 welding problems, 392–393, 392f
resistance, 427 material applications, 388–389, 388t
rotating bending tests, 429–430 Pressure vessel rubber membrane surface paint
stress amplitude, 430 defect work
TiN, TiAlN, and TiCN coatings, 428 defect location imaging, 447–451, 448f
Trapezon and Lyashenko’s investigations, good surface vs. defective surface
427, 428f chromatograms, 447–451, 449f
monolayer coatings, 419–421, 419–421f pyrolysis-GC/MS chromatograms, 447–451,
multi-layer coatings 449–450f
correlations, 421, 422f pyrolysis products, 447–451, 451t
deformation process, 424–426, 425–426f Pseudo-metal wear particle
interface thickness, 422–423 dark oxide film, 342, 347f
maximum radial stress, 424 gas turbine seal oil sample, 342–343, 347–348f