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196 Chapter Five

that are Gaussian distributed and applied to particles Clark, L. (1988) The Field Guide to Water Wells and Boreholes.
introduced into the flow field to simulate dispersion. Geological Society of London Professional Handbook
Each of the particles that is advected and dispersed Series, Open University Press, Milton Keynes.
by groundwater flow is assigned a mass which rep- Cook, P.G. & Herczeg, A.L. (2000) Environmental Tracers in
resents a fraction of the total mass of the chemical Subsurface Hydrology. Kluwer Academic, Boston.
Driscoll, F.G. (1986) Groundwater and Wells, 2nd edn.
constituent involved. At the end of the simulation,
Johnson Filtration Systems, St Paul, Minnesota.
the total mass of particles within an overlaid grid
Griffiths, D.H. & King, R.F. (1981) Applied Geophysics for
cell is divided by the product of the cell volume and
Geologists and Engineers: the elements of geophysical pro-
porosity to give the average cell concentration. specting, 2nd edn. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
A popular solute transport model developed by Hillel, D. (1982) Introduction to Soil Physics. Academic Press,
Zheng (1990), and available from the United States Orlando, Florida.
Environment Protection Agency, is the code MT3D Jones, J.A.A. (1997) Global Hydrology: processes, resources and
for simulating reactive mass transport including environmental management. Addison Wesley Longman,
equilibrium-controlled linear or non-linear sorption Harlow, Essex.
(see eq. 6.13) and first-order irreversible decay or Jury, W.A., Gardner, W.R. & Gardner, W.H. (1991) Soil
biodegradation (see eq. 4.9). The model uses a mixed Physics, 5th edn. John Wiley, New York.
Kearey, P. & Brooks, M. (1991) An Introduction to Geophysical
Eulerian–Lagrangian approach to solve the three-
Exploration, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
dimensional advection-dispersion-reaction equation
Kendall, C. & McDonnell, J.J. (eds) (1998) Isotope Tracers in
with three basic options based on the method of
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characteristics. Kruseman, G.P. & de Ridder, N.A. (1990) Analysis and
In techniques for simulating saline intrusion, or Evaluation of Pumping Test Data, 2nd edn. Pudoc Scientific
situations where density variations are significant, for Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
example the underground disposal of brine wastes, Lerner, D.N., Issar, A.S. & Simmers, I. (1990) Groundwater
then the United States Geological Survey’s density- Recharge: a guide to understanding and estimating natural
coupled model SUTRA (Voss 1984) is appropri- recharge, vol. 8, International Contributions to Hydrogeology.
ate. Given that hydraulic conductivity and head are Verlag Heinz Heise, Hannover.
functions of density (see eqs 2.7 and 2.22), the Rushton, K.R. (2003) Groundwater Hydrology: conceptual and
computational models. John Wiley, Chichester.
model provides a numerical solution to the govern-
Schwartz, F.W. & Zhang, H. (2003) Fundamentals of Ground
ing groundwater flow equation written in terms of
Water. John Wiley, New York.
the pressure potential, ψ, and intrinsic permeability.
Sharma, P.V. (1997) Environmental and Engineering Geo-
Hence, models simulating density-dependent flow physics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
require initial pressure and density distributions in Shaw, E.M. (1994) Hydrology in Practice, 3rd edn. Nelson
order to find a solution. Thornes, Cheltenham.
Smith, R.E. (2002) Infiltration theory for hydrologic applica-
tions. Water Resources Monograph. American Geophysical
5.10 FURTHER READING Union, Washington, DC 15.
Anderson, M.P. & Woessner, W.W. (1992) Applied Ground- Spitz, K. & Moreno, J. (1996) A Practical Guide to Groundwater
water Modeling: simulation of flow and advective transport. and Solute Transport Modeling. John Wiley, New York.
Academic Press, San Diego. Todd, D.K. (1980) Groundwater Hydrology, 2nd edn. John
Brandon, T.W. (ed.) (1986) Groundwater: occurrence, develop- Wiley, New York.
ment and protection. Institution of Water Engineers and Twort, A.C., Ratnayaka, D.D. & Brandt, M.J. (2000) Water
Scientists, London. Supply, 5th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Brassington, R. (1998). Field Hydrogeology, 2nd edn. John Wang, H.F. & Anderson, M.P. (1982) Introduction to
Wiley, Chichester. Groundwater Modelling: finite difference and finite element
Chapellier, D. (1992) Well Logging in Hydrogeology. A.A. methods. Academic Press, San Diego, California.
Balkema, Rotterdam. Ward, R.C. & Robinson, M. (2000) Principles of Hydrology,
Chiang, W.-H. & Kinzelbach, W. (2001) 3D-Groundwater 4th edn. McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead, Berkshire.
Modeling with PMWIN: a simulation system for modeling Wilson, E.M. (1990) Engineering Hydrology, 4th edn. Mac-
groundwater flow and pollution. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. millan, London.