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Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd: J. Rockstrom, W. Steffen, K. Noone, A. Persson, F.S. Chapin, E.F. Lambin EF, et al.: A safe operating space for humanity. Nature
Preindustrial
value
0.1–1
Low
3.44
280
290
415
To be determined
To be determined
0
Current

status
>100
2600
2.90
11.7
283
387
1.5
Proposed
boundary
4000
2.75
350
276
10
15
1
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (parts per million
organic pollutants, plastics, endocrine disrupters, heavy metals,
Extinction rate (number of species per million species per year)
For example, amount emitted to, or concentration of persistent
and nuclear waste in the global environment, or the effects on
Global mean saturation state of aragonite in surface sea water
461:472–475, 2009. Copyright (2009). Available at http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/full/461472a.html.
Overall particulate concentration in the atmosphere, on a
Change in radiative forcing (watts per meter squared)
Consumption of freshwater by humans (km 3 per year)
Percentage of global land cover converted to cropland
ecosystems and functioning of Earth’s system
Concentration of ozone (Dobson unit)
(millions of tonnes per year) 0 121 35 Amount of N 2 removed from the atmosphere for human use −1 8.5–9.5 11 Quantity of P flowing into the oceans (millions of tonnes per Multifunctional Photocatalytic Materials for Energy
regional basis
by volume)
Parameters
Planetary boundaries (i) (ii) year)
Table 10.1 Earth-system process Climate change Rate of biodiversity loss Nitrogen cycle (part of a boundary with the phosphorus cycle) Phosphorus cycle (part of a boundary with the nitrogen cycle) Stratospheric ozone depletion Ocean acidification Global freshwater use Change in land use Atmospheric aerosol loadi