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                                      D-015
                                 +10      D-015  D-050  D-100  D-050
                                                                               6
                                                                          D-100
                                Analog output (V)  –5
                                  +5
                                   0






                                       50  100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450   μm
                                        Standard measuring range
                                        Extended measuring range
                          FIGURE 7.22  Measuring ranges of different capacitive position sensors,
                          standard ranges are 1- D-015, 3- D-050, and 4- D-100, while the extended
                          ranges are 2- D016, 5- D050, and 6- D-100.

                          in the electronics. The nominal range itself can be increased or
                          decreased by selecting a different reference capacitor in the electronics
                          (Fig. 7.22).


                     7.11  Parallelism of Measuring Surfaces
                          For optimum results, target and probe plates must remain parallel to
                          each other during measurement (Figs. 7.23a and 7.23b). Positioning
                          systems with multilink flexure guidance reduce tip and tilt to negli-
                          gible levels (Fig. 7.24) and achieve outstanding accuracy.
                             This effect is negligible in nano-positioning systems with micro-
                          radian-range guiding accuracy (Fig. 7.24).
                             Flexure-guided nano-positioning systems offer sub-micro-radian
                          guiding accuracy and are optimally suited for capacitive sensors
                          (Fig. 7.24).


                     7.12 Electronics Support
                          Standard nano-capacitive position sensor electronics are supported
                          by all digital controllers. Inputs are developed on I/O controller cards
                          and on several OEM controllers for high-speed parallel port control-
                          lers (Fig. 7.25). In addition, nano-capacitive sensors may be devel-
                          oped to accommodate up to seven channels to meet specific needs.
                             Various sensor probes are available at 100 µm, 50 µm, and 20 µm
                          and are developed for nominal measurement range (Fig. 7.26).
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