Page 519 - Advanced Design Examples of Seismic Retrofit of Structures

462 Index

Linear static procedure (Continued) retrofit approaches, 394–395
in-plane discontinuity irregularity, 231 retrofit methods
natural period of building, 223–228 bond beam on top of the walls, 395
non-orthogonal lateral-force-resisting mesh on walls surfaces, 395–396
system, 232 straps and reinforcing bars, 396
out-of-plane discontinuity irregularity, 231 seismic risk, 392
torsional strength irregularity, 232 US experiences
vertical stiffness irregularity, 232 comparison of test results and field
weak story irregularity, 231–232 observations, 420–421
Load-bearing experimental studies, 403–419
vs. nonload-bearing walls, 21 general recommendation, 421
wall, 21, 23f law enforcement and retrofit measures,
Lower-bound 399
axial capacity of columns, 307, 307t objectives of seismic retrofit measures,
URM walls and piers 399
in-plane diagonal tension strength of, 78 results, 413–419
in-plane toe-crushing strength of, 77–78 survey of damage to adobe buildings,
in-plane vertical compressive strength of, 399–403
78–79 Ziarat earthquake, 391, 392f
Lower-wall horizontal elements, 421 Nonlinear static procedure
acceptance criteria
M deformation-controlled actions, 310–311,
312–314t
Masonry integrity, 403
force-controlled actions, 311
Maximum and mean drift ratio, 287, 289t
capacity forces, 307, 307f
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE),
Nonload-bearing wall, 21, 23f
449–450
“Nonparallel” load-bearing components, 47
Mid-height flexural out-of-plane cracks, 22
Nonstructural components, 37–38
Model 7 roofs, 410f
Northridge earthquake, 399
Model 7 walls, 409f
Modern portfolio theory (MPT), 9–10
“Modification of the Stiffness Relations for O
Piers in Single-Story Buildings” Organization for Development, Renovation and
section, 63 Equipping Schools of Iran (DRES),
Mortar shear strength, 49–50 444–445, 446f
Multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) system, Out-of-plane failure of URM walls, 20–21
294–295 Out-of-plane flexural cracks, 21
Overturning of walls, 21
N
Nonengineered buildings P
adobe, 393–394 Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research
construction details and failure modes, (PEER) center framework, 4
392–393, 394f Paralleled walls, 92
vs. “engineered” building, 391–392, 393f Parapet walls, 22–24
Iranian experiences Participation factor, 73
characteristics, 422–431 Peak ground acceleration (PGA), 404
comparison of test results and field Performance-based earthquake engineering
observations, 448–455 (PBEE), 1
experimental studies, 432–447 first generation, 4–5, 5f
shaking table tests, 437–442, 446–447 probabilistic seismic demand analysis, 4
static cyclic tests, 432–437, 443–446 Perpendicular walls, 21, 23f
survey of damage, 431–432 Plastic mesh, 395, 397f