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3. Smart Maximum Power Point Tracker Under Partial Shading Conditions 149

FIGURE 4.34
The relation between output power and terminal voltage for two series PV cells with
bypass diodes at different shading conditions.

generated power from PV system. Also, the lower the value of MML factor, the
higher the hot spot on the PV cell with lower solar radiation. If the whole PV cells
have the same radiation and the whole PV system works at its MPP and each cell
works at its own MPP, the MML factor will be 100%. The value of MML factor
can be obtained from the following equation:
Maximum power of whole PVsystem
MML ¼ 100 (4.30)
N
P
PmaxðiÞ
i¼1
where, N is the total number of PV cells in PV system.
So depending on the PV system shown in Fig. 4.37, the MML factor can be ob-
tained as follows.
If the system operates at the MPP #1
60
MML ¼ 100 ¼ 28:03%
60 þ 90 þ 64