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284 CHAPTER 8 Hybrid PV/Batteries Bank/Diesel Generator

Table 8.5 Summary of Achieved Results for Two Investigated Management
Cases
With Energy
No Energy Management Management
Diesel operation time 3 h 49min 3 h 06 min
Diesel consumption/night 12.108 9.54l
CO 2 emission (kg/day) 8.718 6.875
Number of cycles of DG 3 2
Wlost(kWh) 18.09 No losses

energy management. In fact, for the case with no energy management, the diesel
consumption during the night equals 12.108 L, whereas for the case with energy
management the diesel consumption is 9.54 L. The decrease of diesel consumption
leads to a decrease of CO 2 emission. Actually, CO 2 emission equals 8.718 kg with
no energy management while it is only 6.875 kg with energy management. In addi-
tion, the system with energy management has other advantages such as it has less
number of cycles for turning ON/OFF the DG (two cycles) and it does not incur
any energy losses, whereas the system without energy management has about
18.09 kWh of energy losses.

5. ECONOMICS OF HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC/BATTERIES
BANK/DIESEL GENERATOR SYSTEM

There are few assumptions used in the analysis of this section such as the power pro-
duced by the DG is fixed during its operation. The load considered here is described
in Section 3.1. The depreciation cost of the DG is assumed negligible in the calcu-
lations. The DG charges the batteries bank from 1:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. There is no
energy management considered in the analysis of this section.
The general specifications of the used DG are described in Table 8.6. Based on
these specifications, 8443 L of diesel are required to supply the required load power
when using DG only. The cost of supplying the load by DG for only in three different
countries Tunisia, Jordan, and KSA is shown in Table 8.7 [19]. The cost is calculated
based on the price of a liter of diesel in these countries as listed in Table 8.8 and pub-
lished at the global petrol prices Web site at the time of writing the article [29].
The cost analysis when using PV panels and batteries only to supply the load is
based on using forty-two 300-W PV panels and one hundred twenty 12-V 100-Ah
batteries. The cost of a PV panel and a battery are assumed to be $270 US and
$272 US, respectively. As a result, the investment cost is over $125,000 US, which
makes it impractical to use PV and batteries bank only to supply the load.
When using a hybrid PV/batteries bank/DG system to power up the load, 9 years
are needed to balance the cost of the system compared with that of operating a DG