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286 CHAPTER 8 Hybrid PV/Batteries Bank/Diesel Generator

Table 8.9 Cost of Operating Hybrid PV/DE/Batteries Bank System
Unit Price US $ Total Price US $
No. of 12-V/100-Ah batteries 120 $ 272.32 $ 32,678.40
No. of 300-W PV panels 42 $ 270.00 $ 11,340.00
Yearly operation of DE in Tunisia 9 $ 1396.16 $ 12,565.45
Yearly operation of DE in Jordan 9 $ 1345.28 $ 12,107.53
Yearly operation of DE in KSA 100 $ 310.72 $ 31,072.01
DG initial cost $ 5000.00
Total investment and operational cost Tunisia $ 61,583.85
Jordan $ 61,125.93
KSA $ 80,090.41

5.1 EFFECT OF BATTERIES DEPTH OF DISCHARGE ON HYBRID
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM SIZING, COST, AND POLLUTION

The battery dod range setting is considered a key parameter to guarantee lower over-
all system cost and minimum system pollution emission. Different dod range setting
values (0%e80%, 20%e80% and 40%e80%) are investigated here to compare the
overall system cost and pollution emission. Typically, it is important to keep the DG
idle to minimize diesel consumption and eventually produced pollution. However,
when batteries dod reaches 80%, the DG operates at a set power level that guarantees
satisfying the load power requirement and charging the batteries bank. The batteries
minimum dod level is set to different values: 0%, 20%, and 40% to find the optimal
dod range. At these minimum dod values, the DG is turned OFF.
The hybrid energy system is optimized to achieve either minimum overall cost or
minimum pollution over the system lifetime of 20 years for different dod ranges.
The DG produces extra power over the load requirements to charge the batteries
bank. The DG fuel consumption F DG (L/h) is expressed using the following equation
[31]:
(8.32)
F DG ¼ B DG P DG rat þ A DG P DG out
where the parameters B DG and A DG (l/kW) are the fuel consumption curve coeffi-
cients which are defined by the DG manufacturer. The values of B DG and A DG are
is the rated DG power
0.08154 and 0.246 L/kWh, respectively [8]. The P DG rat
is the DG output power (kW).
(kW) and P DG out
The load in this section can be supplied at any time by the PV panels, batteries
bank, or the DG depending on power availability. However, the main energy sources
are the PV and batteries bank while the secondary source is the DG, which comple-
ments the main power sources. The hybrid renewable energy system size is opti-
mized for different dod ranges to minimize the system overall cost and
operational time of the DG over the system lifetime. PSO algorithm is used for
the hybrid energy system sizing optimization. Two different optimal solutions