Page 409 - Applied Process Design For Chemical And Petrochemical Plants Volume III

66131_Ludwig_CH11B 5/30/2001 4:53 PM Page 366

366 Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants

T = temperature absolute, ºR = 460 ºF. 15. Starling, K. D., Fluid Thermodynamic Properties for Light Petro-
TR = ton of refrigeration. leum Systems, Gulf Publishing Co. (1973).
t = temperature, ºF. 16. “Technical Bulletin Freon” No. RT-11, E. I. DuPont de
t e = saturation temperature of economizer vapor. Nemours and Co., Inc., Wilmington 98, Del. (1957).
t = temperature difference, ºF. 17. Wert, O. B. and J. E. Garlach, “Ammonia Reciprocating Com-
2
U = overall heat transfer coefficient, Btu/hr(ft ) (ºF). pressors,” Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilating, p. 89, May
3
v = specific volume, ft /lb. (1959).
W = system flow rate, lb/hr. 18. York Ammonia Absorption Systems, Bul. 40454-2, York Corp.,
w = vapor flow, lb/min. York, PA (1940).
w e = vapor from economizer, lb/min. 19. Zulinke, A., “Economizer Improves Refrigeration Cycle,”
X c1 = composition of liquid being condensed at the top. Refrigeration Engineering, p. 37, Dec. (1958).
X c2 = composition of liquid being condensed. 20. ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, American Society of Heat-
X e = mol fraction of the same component in the liquid in ing, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
evaporator. (1977–1978)
Y e = mol fraction of one component in the evaporator 21. Scheel, L. F., Gas Machinery, Gulf Publishing Co. (1972)
vapor. 22. Timmerhaus, K. C. and T. M. Flynn, “Cryogenics” chapter, Ency-
clopedia of Chemical Processing and Design, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
Subscripts V. 13 (1981)
23. Bogart, M., Ammonia Absorption Refrigeration in Industrial
M = mixture.
Processes, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, (1981), all
e = economizer.
rights reserved; also see J. Swearingen, Chem. Eng. Prog., Amer-
1,2,3, etc. = reference points to specific conditions of a system.
ican Institute of Chemical Engineers, V. 68, No. 7 (1972). All
rights reserved.
References
24. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Air Conditioning and
1. Short, B. E., (Ed.), Air Conditioning Refrigerating Data Book Refrigeration Institute, Prentice Hall, Inc. (1979)
th
Design Volume, 10 Ed., The American Society of Refrigerating 25. Downing, R. C., Fluorocarbon Refrigerants Handbook, Prentice
Engineers, 234 Fifth Ave., New York 1, NY. Hall, Inc. (1988). All rights reserved.
2. ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals, American Soc. of Heating, 26. Salas, C. E. and M. Salas, Guide to Refrigeration CFCs, The Fair-
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 345 E. mont Press, Inc. (1992).
nd
th
47 St., New York, (1977), 2 printing (1978). 27. Guckelberger, D. and B. Bradley, Refrigeration System Equip-
3. Engineering Manual, “Compressor Ratings,” Carrier Corp., V. ment Room Design, The Trane Co., LaCrosse, WI, Bul.REF-
1, Sect. 5 J–1, p. 11, June 1, (1949). AN-3, ©(1995).
4. Charls, J., Jr., “Refrigeration Principles and Partial Applica- 28. DuPont HCFC-123, Properties, Use, Storage and Handling,
tions in Oil Refineries,” Worthington Corp., Harrison, NJ, DuPont Chemicals, Fluorochemicals Customer Service Cen-
technical paper RP-468, Feb. 1950, ter, Wilmington, DE, Bul. P-123, ©(1993).
5. Havemeyer, H. R., “Do You Know Enough About Steam Jet 29. Carrier Handbook, Chapter 4, “Compressor Selection Exam-
Refrigeration?,” Chem. Eng., p. 102, Sept. (1948). ples,” Section 18-2X, Carrier Corp. ©(1956).
6. Jennings, B. H. and F. P. Shannon, “Tables of the Properties of 30. Mehra, Y. R., ”Ethane Refrigeration: Power and Condenser
Aqua-Ammonia Solutions, Part 1,” Science and Technology Series Duty,” Chem. Eng., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, Jan. 15,
No. 1, Lehigh University Bethlehem, PA, (1938). (1979). All rights reserved.
7. Jordan, R. C. and G. B. Priester, Refrigeration and Air Condi- 31. “Refrigeration Compressors,” Specifying Engineer, p. 111, Sept.
tioning, 2 nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (1984).
p. 343 (1956). 32. Hairston, D., “CFC Alternatives: A Cold War,” Chem. Eng.,
8. Mehra, Y. R., “How to Estimate Power and Condenser Duty McGraw-Hill, Inc., V. 102, No. 1, p. 65 (1995). All rights
for Ethylene Refrigeration Systems,” Chem. Eng., V. 85, p. 97, reserved.
Dec. 18, (1978).
9. Mehra, Y. R., “Refrigerant Charts for Propylene Systems,” Bibliography
Chem. Eng., V. 86, p. 131, Jan. 15, (1979).
10. Mehra, Y. R., “Charts for Systems Using Ethane Refrigerant,” Baggio, J. L., ”Optimize Refrigeration Design,” Hydrocarbon Process-
Chem. Eng., V. 86, p. 95, Feb. 12, (1979). ing, Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, V. 63, No. 1,
11. Mehra, Y. R., “Refrigerant Properties for Propane,” Chem. p. 97 ©(1984). All rights reserved.
Eng., V. 86, p. 165, March 26, (1979). Baggio, J. L. and P. Saintherant, “NGL Refrigerant Improves Recov-
12. Peard, R., private communication, York Corporation, Hous- ery,” Hydrocarbon Processing, Gulf Publishing Company, Hous-
ton, Texas, June (1959). ton, Texas, p. 138, V. 59, No. 4 ©(1980). All rights reserved.
13. Recorla, C. L., “Refrigeration and Refrigerants,” Chem. Eng., Blackburn, G. A. and B. A. George, ”Studies Show Effects of
June (1953). Composition on Propane Refrigeration,” Oil and Gas Journal,
14. Shedd, H. W., “The Centrifugal Compression of Ammonia PennWell Publishing Company, p. 124, Feb. 26, ©(1979). All
Industrial Refrigeration,” Pet Ref., Sept. (1955). rights reserved.