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132                                                 Chapter 4 Digital Filters

        where the constants are given in Table 4.2 and









                         Filter type        ci       02     03
                         Butterworth        1        1     &o 2
                         Chebyshev I and II  1       2      HI
                         Cauer              8        4     2k 4
                                        Table 4.2

            Equation (4.23) can also be used to determine the required order for the corre-
        sponding digital IIR filter. We demonstrate the computational details with an
        example.



        EXAMPLE 4.3

        Determine the required order for a digital Cauer filter that shall meet the follow-
        ing specification:






        We get from Equations (4.22) and (4.23)




















        Finally, we get







            The frequency transformations just discussed yield suboptimal solutions for
        bandpass and stopband filters that shall meet more general requirements—for
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