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188                   Finite Element Modeling and Simulation with ANSYS Workbench























            FIGURE 6.1
            An airplane made of numerous plate and shell structures.




                                               z
                                                    ∆y
                                                                         y
                                       ∆x                          M y
                                            q(x, y)
                                                                      M xy
                                                                Q y
                             t                      M x
                                 x             Q x
                                           M xy                 Mid-surface

            FIGURE 6.2
            Forces and moments acting on an infinitesimally small element in a plate.




                                              z

                                                                       y
                                                                     yz


                                                                    y

                                                              xy
                               x       xz    x          xy


            FIGURE 6.3
            Stresses acting on the infinitesimally small element in the plate.
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