Page 13 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Introduction to smart grid and internet of energy systems Chapter 1 7

management systems, AMIs, smart meters, and smart appliances. The advanced
metering systems that are improved technologies of regular automated meter
reading (AMR) and automatic meter management (AMM) systems provide
increased accessibility for DSM operations in distribution network operators
(DNOs). A robust communication infrastructure is involved to accomplish
these tasks while converting the conventional power network to Smart Grid.
The advanced and sophisticated communication systems are operated either
in wireline or wireless mediums in Smart Grid infrastructure. The wireline
communication technologies include power line communication, fiber optics,
ethernet or digital subscriber lines (DSLs) while the wireless communication
is provided by wireless personal area network (WPAN), wireless local area
networks (WLAN), IEEE 802.22 protocol wireless regional area network
(WRAN), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), cellular
and satellite based or several other IEEE 802.15 based technologies.
IEEE 2030-2011 standard describes communication architecture for Smart
Grid in a hierarchical arrangement of applications, services, and infrastructures.
It is required to create a consensus of numerous technologies and to refine them
into some limited ICT infrastructures. Thus, the Smart Grid communication
systems have been described with three subnetworks where the first one
includes building area networks (BAN), home area network (HAN), and indus-
trial area networks (IAN). These area networks are defined to be used in con-
sumption level while neighborhood area network (NAN) and field area
network (FAN) comprises the local area network (LAN) that is utilized in dis-
tribution level of the power network. The last and widest network type is
described as wide area network (WAN) which is used for communicating
in several km distances and includes a number of LANs, virtual private net-
works (VPNs) and data management systems (DMSs) for transmission level
operation [1, 7].
The operation of Smart Grid is depended to several intelligent electronic
devices (IEDs), smart transformers, smart power converters, phasor measure-
ment units (PMUs), and remote terminal units (RTUs) that all are equipped with
sensors to provide required measurement and monitoring information to control
center. Thus, the entire power network is converted to an adaptive, flexible, pre-
dictive, interactive, secure and self-healing system. The Smart Grid is some-
times defined as system of systems due to these features. The smart systems
support all types of generation and energy storage options to perform two-
way power flow in this new grid architecture. Moreover, it also provides resil-
ient operation against CPS attacks by predicting possible faults and failures
along the grid, and rapidly reacts to these changes or attacks to overcome faults
occurred at any level.
This section presents architecture and conceptual models of Smart Grid,
introduction to distributed generation and microgrid structure, smart devices
used in transmission and distribution networks, energy storage systems, and
control, resiliency, and flexibility features in terms of Smart Grid evolution.