Page 14 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

8 From smart grid to internet of energy

1.2.1 Architecture of smart grid
European Committee for Standardization (CEN), European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), and European Telecommunica-
tions Standard Institute (ETSI) are requested to develop a standard framework
for Smart Grid, and they have provided one of the most prominent reference
architecture for Smart Grid by the Smart Grid Coordination Group (SG-CG)
to accomplish European Commission requirements on new grid infrastructure.
The Smart Grid Reference Document of CENELEC presents a detailed concep-
tual model and reference architecture principles, Smart Grid architecture model
framework, and reference architecture elements to improve a standardized
research infrastructure for any shareholder of power grid [8].
Another important reference guide has been presented by National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) of US because of Energy Independence
and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 in 2010. The main contribution of NIST report
was related to proposing roadmap for interoperability and standards of Smart
Grid. In this context, a conceptual reference model has been proposed and it
has been used as a standard architecture to define Smart Grid infrastructure
[9]. The conceptual reference model of NIST has proposed a interconnected
network where each shareholder and section has been defined as a domain
and whole Smart Grid has been divided into seven domains as presented in
Table 1.2. The main goal of conceptual model is to provide support for planning
and organization of domains and their sub domains including shareholders, par-
ticipants, and applications. The shareholders that are defined as actors in NIST

TABLE 1.2 Domains and shareholders in NIST smart grid conceptual model

Domains Shareholders in the domain
Bulk Centralized or distributed generation units with optional energy
generation storage systems for massive generation
Transmission Carriers of generated energy in bulk quantities to long distances and
transmission substations
Distribution The electricity distributors to consumers and also connections of
prosumer side generation with energy storage options
Consumption Consumers and end-users of generated electricity. They can also
generate, store, and manage their energy sub-system
Market Operators and participators in electricity market
Operations The managing authority of generated and transmitted electricity
Service The shareholders and operators to provide generated electricity to
provider consumers and utilities