Page 19 - From Smart Grid to Internet of Energy

Introduction to smart grid and internet of energy systems Chapter 1 13

devices, and aggregators. The Substation Zone represents area aggregation
based on field level acquisition obtained from data concentrators, substation
automation, SCADA systems, and plant supervisors. The Operation Zone is
comprised by high level control systems such as DMS, energy management sys-
tems (EMSs), microgrid management systems, DER managements and other
related management systems. The Enterprise Zone interacts between Operation
and Market Zones by providing commercial and organizational processes, ser-
vices, and applications while Market Zone is dedicated to energy conversion
operations such as trading, retail market and mass management.
In addition to NIST and CENELEC conceptual architecture models, IEEE
have proposed a guide for Smart Grid interoperability, end-use applications,
and loads based on IEEE Standard 2030. This standard a Smart Grid interoper-
ability reference model (SGIRM) that is a reference guide for describing termi-
nology, characteristic features, performance evaluation criteria, and application
principles for end-user applications and loads [12]. IEEE Standard 2030 handles
a Smart Grid system as a system of systems including power networks, commu-
nication technologies, and information technologies. Thus, the power and signal
flow along power network are defined with the classification and characteristic
features in terms of interoperability. Another aspect of system of systems
description is related with smart infrastructure systems, smart management
systems, and smart protection systems definitions given in [1]. The smart infra-
structure system is comprised by ICT and power networks at each domain of
Smart Grid system while the smart management system includes control and
protection subsystems that are required to ensure power quality and resiliency
of power network. The smart protection system includes particular security and
privacy protections for whole power grid at hardware and software domains [1].
It is obvious that the communication infrastructure has crucial role in Smart
Grid applications and services that are involved to coordinate each domain and
zones. It has been previously discussed that the services and applications of
Smart Grid installs a connection base with each domain by using area networks.
Regardless of any grid type integrated to predefined Smart Grid architecture,
IEEE Standard 2030 accommodates a synchronous operation among different
frameworks and architectures in the context of interoperability requirements.
It suggests a three-layer vertical organization scheme as shown in Fig. 1.5
where IEEE Standard 2030 Smart Grid Interoperability Guidance is in the mid-
dle of conceptual reference model and Smart Grid Applications. The conceptual
reference models of NIST, IEC, IEEE, CENELEC and so on should comply
with IEEE Standard 2030 interoperability guidance for communication, power
network and ICT segments. The architectural principles of Smart Grid are
described in 12 terms by IEEE Standard 2030 as standardization, openness,
interoperability, security, extensibility, scalability, manageability, upgradeabil-
ity, share ability, ubiquity, integrity, and ease of use [12].
The standardization implies for the definitions of elements and methods
used in the Smart Grid infrastructure to provide clearness while openness is